Libmonster ID: UK-1568
Author(s) of the publication: G. A. BAGATURIA

One of the main features of modern science is its increasingly collective nature. The founders of scientific communism were clearly aware of this trend in the development of scientific creativity and foresaw its further deepening and expansion. In their joint work "German Ideology", that authentic encyclopedia of early Marxism, they also addressed this issue. Arguing with the ideologue of petty-bourgeois individualism and anarchism, M. Stirner, who contrasted "the only work" that only a given individual can do with "human work" that every person can do, K. Marx and F. Schweitzer argued that "the only work" that only a given individual can do is "human work". Engels wrote: "In proclaiming the uniqueness of scientific and artistic work, Stirner is still far below the level of the bourgeoisie. It is already recognized that it is necessary to organize this "single" activity." And, after giving a number of examples of collective creativity in painting, fiction, astronomy, and historiography, they continued: "However, it is clear that all these organizations based on the modern division of labor still lead only to extremely limited results, representing a step forward only in comparison with the narrow isolation that existed until now."1 . Throughout their activities, Marx and Engels gave numerous and very diverse examples of remarkable scientific cooperation. Their joint work began with the beginning of their truly legendary friendship and continued for almost four decades, taking many different forms under different conditions, but ultimately subordinated to one main goal-the struggle for the liberation of the working class.

The beginning of their friendship and joint work dates back to the end of August-beginning of September 1844. Recalling this forty years later, Engels wrote:: "When I visited Marx in Paris in the summer of 1844, we found complete agreement in all theoretical fields, and from that time our joint work began." 2 "Full agreement in all theoretical areas" was the basis of their fruitful cooperation. However, not only the deep unity of their worldview and views, but also a certain difference between these people, was a condition for fruitful joint activity. Marx and Engels were mutually complementary, and this should not be overlooked. Paul Lafargue noted this very well in his memoirs: "One cannot think of Engels without at the same time recalling Marx, and vice versa: their lives were so closely intertwined that they formed, so to speak, one single life. And yet, each of them represented

1 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 3, pp. 392-393.

2 K. Marx and F. Engels, Op. 21, p. 220.

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They were distinct individuals; they differed from each other not only in their appearance, but also in their character, temperament, and manner of thinking and feeling."3 Yes, they were different from each other and "in the manner of thinking." And this difference ultimately found its outward expression also in the division of labor that developed between them. This division of labor existed on several planes.

Both Marx and Engels were encyclopedic scientists. The doctrine they created also had a synthetic character: it emerged at the junction of several scientific directions, absorbed the highest achievements of philosophy, political economy, socialist and communist thought, history and natural science. However, not all the components of Marxism were formed simultaneously. In different periods, its various aspects were most fully developed, and in each case the contribution of each of its two founders was different. Thus, Engels rightly considered the materialist understanding of history and the theory of surplus value to be the two main discoveries of Marx; he also considered the development of the dialectical - materialist method no less important. Marx is mainly credited with creating an integral concept of a materialist understanding of history in the mid-1940s. It was Marx who developed the theory of surplus value and materialist dialectics as a method of political economy in the late 1950s and early 1960s. On the other hand, it is Engels who is credited with developing a dialectical - materialist understanding of nature. To the fullest extent, this was done by him in the 70s of the last century. It was Engels who developed the dialectical-materialist understanding of military affairs and a number of other important sections of Marxist theory. The contribution of each of them to the creation and development of the theory of scientific communism is also different, although the role of Marx was predominant here. Take, for example, that branch of scientific communism which might be called the theory of communist society. While Marx mainly dealt with the economic problems of the future society, the question of the phases of transition to full communism, Engels mainly investigated such problems as the transformation of agriculture, the evolution of family forms, the fate of the army, and the dialectical development of the future society. The corresponding differences can also be identified in their historical studies.

But since all the components of Marxist theory form a single whole, since the diversity of scientific activity of Marx and Engels, respectively, reflects not only their many-sided personal talent, but also the synthetic, integral nature of the theory created by them, the division of labor that has developed between them acts as a form of manifestation of a comprehensive scientific community. This division of labor was associated both with specific giftedness and with various naturally formed specializations of both. Engels, for example, knew more about natural science - physics, chemistry, biology, and other natural sciences. This is evidenced by his "Dialectic of Nature". Marx studied mathematics more deeply, which is reflected in his "Mathematical Manuscripts". He also specially studied some applied technical sciences (history of engineering and technology), agrochemistry, etc.

Marx was an excellent connoisseur of foreign languages. He liked to repeat the words: "A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life," and throughout his life he improved this weapon.

3 "Memoirs of Marx and Engels". Moscow, 1956, p. 81.

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His major works, especially Capital, are written in his native German. But when he needed to speak out against the Frenchman Proudhon, he wrote a whole book - "The Poverty of Philosophy" - in French. For many years, while working for the progressive American newspaper New York Daily Tribune, Marx wrote his articles in impeccable English. He loved to read and reread Aeschylus in ancient Greek, Dante's Divine Comedy in Italian, and Cervantes ' Don Quixote in Spanish. When he was 50 years old, he started studying Russian and within six months could read not only economics, but also fiction. Engels was phenomenally gifted in philology and knew almost all the living European languages, as well as some dead ones, and also knew dialects. No wonder one of the participants in the Paris Commune once jokingly said that "Engels stutters in twenty languages" (in moments of excitement, Engels began to stutter slightly). Indeed, he was fluent in almost two dozen languages. Engels made extensive use of this knowledge both in his joint scientific work with Marx and in their joint political activities, especially during the First International.

There was a division of labor between Marx and Engels, not only in science, but also in other fields. Here is what Engels wrote in 1887 in the preface to the second edition of his work On the Housing Question:" In view of the division of labor that existed between Marx and myself, it fell to my lot to present our views in the periodical press - and, consequently, to fight against hostile views in particular - in order to preserve the rights of the poor and the poor. Time for Marx to work on his great main work "4 (i.e., "Capital"). As a result, it was Engels ' responsibility, in particular, to combat the views of the German petty-bourgeois ideologist Duehring, which became widespread among German social Democrats in the mid-1970s. Paradoxically, a peculiar form of division of labor was the situation that developed in the 50s and 60s. Having emigrated with Marx to England after the defeat of the revolution of 1848-1849, Engels, after a year's stay in London, makes a heroic decision and goes to Manchester in November 1850 to resume work in a factory office. He devoted twenty years of his life to "cursed commerce", "dog commerce". But without the financial assistance that Engels thus provided to his friend, Marx and his family would have perished from poverty. By his self-sacrifice, Engels saved the genius of Marx for mankind. Thanks to his selfless support, Marx was able to engage in theoretical and political activities and, above all, create "Capital". "The idea that you are dependent for half your life," he once wrote to Engels, " can drive you straight to despair. The only thing that supports me in this is the consciousness that we are both doing business on a companionable basis, and I devote my time to the theoretical "party side of the matter." 5 And it is no accident that on the night when Marx finished proofreading the First volume of Das Kapital, he, a man devoid of all sentimentality, wrote these touching words to his great friend: "So this volume is ready. Only to you do I owe the fact that this has become possible! Without your self-sacrifice for me, there's no way I could have done all the great work on the three volumes. I embrace you, full of gratitude!.. Hello, my dear, loyal friend! " 6 .

4 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 21, p. 337.

5 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 31, p. 111.

6 Ibid., p. 275.

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Their joint creative work took a wide variety of forms, changing from stage to stage. The first experience of their scientific cooperation was the book "The Holy Family". The prerequisites for it have been developing for a long time. These include, first of all, the evolution of the views of both in the same direction, which led them to a single result by 1844 - to materialism and communism. As early as the end of November 1842, their first (though, according to Engels, "very cold") meeting took place in Cologne in the editorial office of the Rheinische Zeitung .7 The name of Marx was already well known to Engels, at least since the autumn of 1841, when, when he arrived in Berlin to serve his military service, he became close to the same circle of Young Hegelians to which Marx had previously joined, who left Berlin after graduating from university in the spring of the same year. In his satirical poem The Bible's Miraculous Deliverance, written in the summer of 1842, Engels mentions Marx for the first time:

"That Trier black son with a violent
soul.
He doesn't walk - he runs, no, he rolls like an avalanche.
The eagle's eye sparkles with daring courage,
He held out his hands excitedly,
As if wishing to bring down the vault of heaven ... " 8
.
From March 1842, Engels collaborated in the Rheinische Zeitung, which was founded with the participation of Marx, who became the newspaper's editor-in-chief in October. In December 1842, a number of correspondence sent by Engels from England appeared on its pages.

When the plan for publishing the Deufsch - Franzosische Jahrbucher in Paris under the editorship of Marx and Ruge was finalized in the autumn of 1843, Engels was invited to collaborate on the new journal. In this connection, Marx first mentions the name of his future friend in a letter to J. Froebel dated November 21, 1843.9 There is reason to believe that this letter refers to Engels 'work" Sketches for a Critique of Political Economy", which by that time had been written and then published in the" Yearbook", published in February 1844. Engels, earlier than Marx, began to deal specifically with political economy. His "Sketches" were written from a proletarian, communist, dialectical point of view. This work made a great impression on Marx and greatly contributed to the fact that he himself began to systematically study political economy. Apparently, in the summer of 1844, Marx compiled a synopsis of the "Sketches". The first result of his own economic research was the famous "Economic and Philosophical manuscripts of 1844". In the preface to them, probably written in August 1844 (shortly before his new meeting with Engels), Marx spoke highly of Engels ' work. Later, 15 years later, in the preface to the Critique of Political Economy, Marx described Engels ' Sketches as brilliant .10 On the other hand, Engels was also to be decisively influenced by the works of Marx published in the Yearbook, especially his Introduction to a Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Law, a true manifesto of a new, revolutionary trend.

These were the circumstances that determined the nature of their new meeting in Paris11 . Almost the day after

7 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 39, p. 391.

8 See K. Marx and F. Engels. From early works, Moscow, 1956, p. 483.

9 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 27, p. 378.

10 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 13, p. 8.

11 The question of the beginning of the correspondence between Marx and Engels has not been fully clarified. There is their own evidence that this correspondence began even before the Paris meeting in connection with Engels ' collaboration in the Deutsch-Franzosische

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After the arrival of Engels, an article by Engels, written in February for the next issue of the Yearbook ,entitled " The Situation of England. The Eighteenth century", which contained some of the main ideas of his future book "The situation of the working class in England". Engels stayed in Paris for ten days. During this time, he managed to complete his part of the work on writing the Holy Family. The initiative for a joint action against the Young Hegelians obviously came from Marx. This is evidenced by his letter to L. Feuerbach of August 11, 1844, in which Marx, while sketching out the general outlines of his forthcoming critical speech against Bruno Bauer and the Literatur-Zeitung, which he published, explicitly states his plan: "I will issue a small pamphlet against this perversion of criticism." 12
The division of labor when working on the book "The Holy Family" was carried out quite simply: according to the plan developed by them, each of the co - authors wrote their own parts of the book, so that in its table of contents, against the title of each chapter and each paragraph, it was indicated whether the author was Marx or Engels. A small preface was written together. The work on the Holy Family also revealed some specific differences between the co-authors. Engels worked easily and quickly. Marx had no less tremendous efficiency, but was inclined to a longer, in-depth study of the subject. After Engels ' departure, in three months he turned the relatively small pamphlet he had planned into a book with over 20 printed pages. Engels later wondered why Marx put his name first: he had written barely a sheet and a half, and Marx had written more than twenty pages .

The collaboration between Marx and Engels on the German Ideology was qualitatively different and truly organic. Then they were literally sitting at the same table. Therefore, it is extremely difficult, and in many cases almost impossible, to distinguish what each of them contributed to a jointly written work. One of the ways to solve this problem is to analyze the manuscript itself. Another, more effective method is to compare its content with others, especially with the previous works of each of the co-authors. The manuscript of the German Ideology has been preserved. Almost all of it, with the exception of the outline of the preface to volume I, a few inserts and edits made by Marx, and a few passages rewritten by Weidemeyer, was written by Engels. This is by no means indicative of its decisive role in the creation of the"German Ideology". The fact is that Marx's handwriting was extremely illegible. Only two people could read it freely - Jenny Marx and Friedrich Engels. Now, for example, deciphering Marx's manuscripts is both a special specialty and a kind of art. Engels, who had been trained in a commercial office, had a calligraphic handwriting. Naturally, this is why the joint text intended for printing was written by him.

But although the text of the German Ideology is written almost entirely in Engels ' hand, an analysis of the content leads to the conviction that Marx played a decisive role in the creation of this work. This conclusion is confirmed by the evidence of Engels himself, directly or indirectly-

Jahrbucher" (see K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 13, p. 8; vol. 22, p. 350). At the same time, a number of facts suggest that Engels ' letters for October - November 1844, which have come down to us, were his first letters to Marx.

12 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 27, pp. 382-383; cf. also the "Preface" to the "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts" written around the same time (K. Marx and F. Schulz). Engels. From early works, pp. 519-522).

13 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 27, pp. 17, 23, 26-27.

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especially related to the period of work on the "German Ideology". Suffice it to recall that it was in the German Ideology that the materialist conception of history was first developed as a holistic concept, and this, as Engels repeatedly emphasized, was Marx's first great discovery. 14 Let's take another fact. A comparison of the" Theses on Feuerbach "and the" German Ideology "shows that Marx's" Theses " represent the initial outline of ideas that were to be further developed in a joint work conceived by Marx and Engels just at this time - apparently in April 1845-directed against the idealism of German post - Hegelian philosophy. This work was the German Ideology, which they began writing six months later, probably in November 1845. The comparison shows that, on the one hand, the content of almost every thesis of Marx on Feuerbach was developed in the text of the German Ideology, and on the other hand, almost all theses were prepared in one way or another by Marx's previous works. It follows that in the" German Ideology " the corresponding elements of content came precisely from Marx15 . In this way, it is more or less likely to establish the authorship of many of the provisions of this joint work. This kind of analysis fully confirms the accuracy of Engels ' testimony, for example:"A huge part of the main guiding thoughts, especially in the economic and historical field, and, even more, their final clear formulation belongs to Marx." 16
What did Engels contribute to this joint work? Great knowledge, which significantly supplemented the theoretical material accumulated by Marx: for example, a deeper and more concrete knowledge of the history and situation of England at that time (see his" The Situation of the working Class in England"); polemical skill, a brilliant example of which is Engels 'work" The True Socialists", which is nothing more than the final chapter II The volumes of German Ideology are a truly literary masterpiece, full of brilliant wit. Engels also contributed much more to the common cause. And most importantly, he was a worthy partner of Marx.

All scientific creativity needs an appropriate theoretical environment, in a certain scientific climate. It is fundamentally social in nature and in the sense that it is impossible without the necessary theoretical communication, without the exchange of thoughts, without a clash of opinions, without disputes, discussions and discussions. In modern terms, the exchange of information is both a powerful incentive and a prerequisite for scientific creativity and the development of science itself. Marx's genius did not develop in an airless space, but in a certain social and ideological environment. Among all the people who were close to him in spirit, there was no one who was equal to Engels or even remotely close to him. An amazing unity of views, an amazing "theoretical compatibility", a happy complementarity - this is what distinguished Marx and Engels. They were, as it were, created to work together. The constant exchange of thoughts stimulated everyone's work. Their combined scientific potential far exceeded the mechanical sum of both. That is why their work on the "German Ideology" was so successful, led to "understanding the matter for ourselves

14 See K. Marx and F. Engels, op. cit. vol. 16, p. 413; vol. 19, p. 111 - 113; 348, 350 - 351; vol. 20, p. 9, 25-27; vol. 21, p. 1 - 2, 25, 220, 259, 300 - 301, 367 - 368, 370.

15 See the "Scientific and Informational Bulletin of the Sector of Works by K. Marx and F. Lenin" published by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU. Engels " N 12. Moscow, 1965, pp. 1-70.

16 K. Marx and F. Engels, Op. 21, p. 300. Speaking of the" historical domain", Engels has in mind, first of all, a materialist understanding of history.

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self" and laid the foundation for the further development of Marxist theory.

A peculiar symbol of their joint work can be found in the passage in the first chapter of the German Ideology (pages 17, 18, and 19 of the manuscript) 17, where the rapid, rapid development of their thoughts explodes the originally planned plan of presentation and, interrupting the smooth course of the narrative, saturates it with numerous digressions, additions, and clarifications. Extremely interesting in this respect is page 18, the left half of which is written in Engels ' hand, and the right half is filled with additions by Marx. These three pages contain a number of new, fundamentally important ideas. Thus, by writing two paragraphs in the margins of page 17, Engels for the first time fixes on paper the idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat: "Every class striving for domination - even if its domination, as is the case with the proletariat, means the annihilation of the entire old social form [here Marx then writes three clarifying words] and of domination in general - must first of all win political power for itself." In the appendix on page 18, Marx for the first time formulates one of the most important propositions of scientific communism - the two material presuppositions of the communist revolution - which Engels will then develop in many of his works. At the same time, Marx, in particular, emphasizes that a sufficiently high development of the productive forces is an absolutely necessary practical prerequisite for the communist revolution "also because without it there is only a general spread of poverty; and in case of extreme need, the struggle for the necessary items would also have to begin again, and, consequently, the entire economy would have to be resurrected." an old abomination." At the same time, Marx expresses for the first time the idea of the universal character of the communist revolution, a classic formulation of which Engels will give two years later in Principles of Communism. On the same page, Marx writes in his own hand the famous statement: "Communism for us is not a state that must be established, but an ideal with which reality must conform. We call communism a real movement that destroys the present state." Two years later, in his article "The Communists and Karl Heinzen", Engels develops this position: "Communism is not a doctrine, but a movement. It does not proceed from principles, but from facts. Communists do not presuppose one philosophy or another, but the entire course of previous history and, in particular, its actual results today in civilized countries. Communism is a consequence of large-scale industry and its satellites... Communism, insofar as it is a theory, is a theoretical expression of the position of the proletariat in this struggle and a theoretical generalization of the conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat." And then, on this theoretical basis, the final classical formula appears in the Principles of Communism, which is essentially the same as in Anti-Duhring:"Communism is the doctrine of the conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat." 19
There is still evidence of the environment in which the work on the "German Ideology"took place. One of them belongs to Engels himself. After Marx's death, he sorted through his remaining papers and found the manuscript of "German Ideology", which by that time had already been subjected to"gnawing criticism of mice". On June 2, 1883, he wrote to Laura Lafargue: "Among the Moor's papers, I found a whole pile of manuscripts.-

17 See the new publication of the first chapter of the German Ideology, part II, paragraphs 4 and 5 (K. Marx and F. Engels. Feuerbach. The opposite of materialistic and idealistic views. M. 1966, pp. 42-47).

18 For a photocopy of this page, see: K. Marx and F. Engels, Op. 3, between pages 34 and 35.

19 K. Marx and F. Engels. Op. vol. 4, pp. 281-282, 322; cf.: vol. 20, p. 295.

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This is our joint work, dating back to before 1848. Some of them I will publish soon 20 . I'll read you one when you're here; you'll burst out laughing. I read it to Nim and Tussi (that is, to Elena Demuth and Eleonora Marx - G. B.); Nim said: now I know why you both laughed so much at night in Brussels that not a single person in the house could sleep." And Engels adds: "We were brash guys then, and Heine's poetry is childishly innocent compared to our prose." 21 Another piece of evidence is contained in a reply letter from one of the Chartist leaders, J. J. Gurney, to Engels dated March 30, 1846 (Engels ' letter to Gurney, written a few weeks earlier, at the very height of his work on the German Ideology, has not reached us).: "When I told my wife about your very philosophical system of writing together before 3-4 o'clock in the morning, she said that such a system would not be suitable for her and that if she were in Brussels, she would stir up a riot among your wives. It does not object to the organization of revolutions, provided that this work is carried out on a reduced working day system. She advises your wives to form a "Society against working before 3-4 o'clock in the morning"22 .

In writing the German Ideology, Marx played a leading role. Working together with him taught Engels a lot, first of all-more thoroughness and depth. Many years later, after Marx's death, Engels himself spoke about this. While noting Kautsky's" youthful "tendency to jump to conclusions and emphasizing that Kautsky had" not the slightest idea of what really scientific work means, "Engels recalled that he" did exactly the same thing himself in the years of his youthful conceit, and only learned from Marx how to work."23 . The influence of Marx on Engels can be illustrated by one particular example. Even in the above-mentioned youth poem "My Miraculous Deliverance", Engels, sketching a self-portrait, wrote::

"That long-legged who? That's Oswald-Montagnard!
He is always and everywhere irreconcilable and ardent.
He is a virtuoso in one thing:
playing the guillotine... " 24
.
It seems that it was he who wrote in the text of the first chapter of the German Ideology a similar description of the "horrors" of the upcoming revolution, mocking B. Bauer's idyllic ideas about the upcoming transformation of society: "The Holy Father of the Church will be not a little surprised when the day of the Last Judgment unexpectedly arrives, on which all this will take place - a day whose dawn will be the glow of burning cities - when among these "heavenly harmonies" the melody of the "Marseillaise" and "Carmagnola" will be heard, with the inevitable cannon firing, and the beat of the guillotine will strike; when the vile "mass" roars ca ira, ca ira and abolishes "self-consciousness" with the help of a lamppost " 25 . This text was first deleted in the first chapter and moved to the second, and then Marx deleted it there as well.

But Marx's joint work with Engels also gave him a lot: in constant communication with his friend, enriching his thoughts and knowledge, he was able to more clearly understand his historical views.

20 This intention soon had to be abandoned (see K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 36, pp. 35, 36, 47-48).

21 Ibid., p. 29.

22 See "From the History of the formation and development of Marxism", Moscow, 1959, pp. 68-69.

23 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 36, p. 297.

24 K. Marx and F. Engels. From early works, p. 482.

25 K. Marx and F. Engels. Feuerbach. The opposite of materialistic and idealistic views, pp. 50-51.

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Together they developed a comprehensive new worldview, and from this higher theoretical level, which they now managed to reach, they then continued to develop separately and collectively all aspects of Marxist theory.

The creative collaboration between Marx and Engels and the division of labor between them in the creation of the Communist Manifesto were different. Its final text was probably written mainly by Marx. This is evidenced by some features of the content; style, as well as facts from the history of the creation of the "Manifesto". However, in the earlier stages of developing the program of the Union of Communists, Engels still played a decisive role. This became especially clear after the original version of the program was recently found - the "Draft Communist Creed" drawn up by Engels and adopted at the first congress of the Union of Communists. 26 Thus, the Manifesto was preceded by two versions of the program drawn up by Engels: "The Project" and "Principles of Communism". A comparative analysis of these three successive versions of the program reveals Engels ' contribution to the development of its final text and the main trends in the development of its content. The main content of the Manifesto and its general structure were already presented in the Principles of Communism. As is well known, Engels also proposed the very form of the manifesto. He took an active part in the work of the first Congress of the Union of Communists, and together with Marx, the second, at which they were both charged with working out the final text of the program. Thus, Engels ' role in creating it is extremely great. However, for the sake of completeness, it should be taken into account that all the fundamental theoretical propositions on which the concept of the Manifesto and its preliminary versions rest were already developed in the German Ideology and then developed by Marx in The Poverty of Philosophy. In the first development of the materialist conception of history as the immediate philosophical basis of the theory of scientific communism, a decisive role belonged to Marx. This means that in this case, too, a very complex interaction was observed in the work of Marx and Engels: based on their joint development of Marx's first great discovery, the materialist understanding of history, Engels formulated the main provisions of the party program, and then mainly Marx completed the development of the first program document of the communist movement.

During the revolution of 1848-1849, Marx and Engels published the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne, which, according to Lenin, was "the best, unsurpassed organ of the revolutionary proletariat"27 . Marx was the editor - in-chief of the newspaper, and Engels was the first of a brilliant galaxy of editors whom Marx gathered around him. Engels later wrote a special article on Marx's role as head of the newspaper: "Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung." 28 The specific qualities of Engels, his universal knowledge, quick and clear mind, and great efficiency were irreplaceable in the newspaper. Marx had a very high opinion of them. In one of his letters, referring to these very advantages of Engels, Marx noted: "He is a real encyclopedia, efficient at any time of the day or night,

26 Первая публикация: "Grundungsdokumente des Bundes der Kommunisten (Juni bis September 1847)". Herausgegeben von B. Andreas. Hamburg. 1969, S. 53 - 58. In Russian, see Voprosy Istorii CPSU, 1970, No. 1, pp. 83-86; see also K. L. Seleznev. New documents of the Union of Communists. Voprosy Istorii, 1969, No. 10.

27 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 26, p. 83.

28 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 21, pp. 14-22.

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sober and tipsy, writes and thinks fast as hell. " 29 Their collaboration during this period was so organic that it is impossible to determine whether Marx or Engels was the author of the vast majority of the articles they wrote during the year of publication of the newspaper. "In general," Engels later recalled, "it is almost impossible to separate Marx's articles relating to that time from mine, because we systematically distributed our work among ourselves." 30 The division of labor here was mainly thematic in nature.

The period between the revolution of 1848 and 1849 and the Paris Commune almost coincides with Engels ' twenty - year stay in Manchester, while Marx lived in London. It was a time of long separation, when they rarely saw each other, but corresponded almost daily. Their correspondence of those years (about 1,350 letters) is a unique documented chronicle of continuous ideological communication, constant exchange of thoughts. This form of communication became particularly important at that time. In this light, the well-known phrase from Marx's preface to his Critique of Political Economy takes on a special meaning: "Friedrich Engels, with whom I have been since the appearance of his brilliant sketches for the critique of economic categories... maintained a constant written exchange of views... " 31 . Yes, this constant exchange of views was vital for both thinkers.

The period after the revolution of 1848-1849 was marked by many years of Marx's collaboration in the aforementioned progressive American newspaper. Mutual assistance of friends then took on new forms. In the beginning, while Marx still did not speak enough English, Engels translated his articles. Throughout this time, Engels often wrote articles himself, and they appeared under the signature of Marx. Thus Engels ' outstanding work "Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany"was published as a series of articles. The collaboration was so close that when Marx's daughter Eleanor republished the work after Engels ' death, she was sure that the author was her father. As the work was published in the newspaper, so under his name she published it as a separate book.

In their correspondence, Marx and Engels discussed topics that were further developed in their published works. Thus, it was Engels, in one of his letters, who suggested to Marx the original idea of Louis Bonaparte's Eighteenth Brumaire. At one time, V. I. Lenin drew attention to this fact. Reading at the end of 1913 the newly published correspondence of the founders of Marxism, he notes in his synopsis of Engels 'letter:" Engels gives the first draft of the 18th Brumaire. " 32 True, December 3, 1851. Engels wrote to Marx about the events in France: "It really seems as if old Hegel, in the role of the world spirit, directs history from the grave, and with the greatest conscientiousness makes all events repeat themselves twice: the first time in the form of a great tragedy and the second time in the form of a pathetic farce. Cossidier instead of Danton, L. Blanc instead of Robespierre, Barthelemy instead of Saint-Just, Flocon instead of Carnot, and that bastard with a dozen first-time debt-ridden officers instead of the little corporal and his galaxy of marshals . So we have already reached the 18th Brumaire. " 34 Marx begins his "Eighteenth Brumaire" in this way: "Hegel somewhere notes that all the great world-historical philosophers of the past and the present have been-

29 K. Marx and F. Engels, Op. 28, p. 505.

30 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 36, p. 269.

31 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 13, p. 8.

32 See V. I. Lenin. Synopsis of " Correspondence between Karl Marx and Fr. Engels 1844-1883". Moscow, 1968, p. 264.

33 That is Louis Bonaparte instead of Napoleon I.

34 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 27, p. 341.

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tia and personalities appear, so to speak, twice. He forgot to add: the first time in the form of a tragedy, the second time in the form of a farce. Cossidier instead of Danton, Louis Blanc instead of Robespierre, Mountain 1848-1851 instead of Mountain 1793-1795, nephew instead of uncle 35 . And the same caricature in the circumstances surrounding the second edition of the eighteenth brumaire! " 36
Or another example concerning one little-explored aspect of Marx-Engels cooperation. As you know, Engels is credited with developing the problem of the material foundations of military affairs. He did this most fully in Anti-Duhring (section two, chapter III) in connection with his critique of the idealistic theory of violence. But it turns out that the initiative to raise this problem came from Marx, and the problem itself arose as one of the side effects of his development of a materialist understanding of history. This topic first appears in Marx's work "Wage Labor and Capital". At the beginning of the third chapter, where Marx formulates the essence of the materialist understanding of history, he illustrates the relationship between the means of production and social relations of production using an example from the field of military affairs: "Depending on the nature of the means of production, these social relations that producers enter into with each other, the conditions under which they exchange their activities and production, of course, will be different. With the invention of the new weapon of war, firearms, the whole internal organization of the army inevitably changed, the relations under which individuals form an army and can act as an army were transformed, and the attitude of different armies towards each other also changed."37 . Marx's work is based on lectures he gave at the German Workers ' Society in Brussels in the second half of December 1847. Engels remained in Brussels until the end of December and was able to attend these lectures. Marx's work was first published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung on April 5-11, 1849. By that time Engels must have been familiar with its contents.

After moving to Manchester, he began a systematic study of military affairs, along with other activities. In anticipation of the upcoming revolutionary battles, he believed that there should be a person in the party who is qualified to understand these issues. One of the first fruits of his studies was the manuscript "Possibilities and prospects of the Holy Alliance War against France in 1852", dating back to April 1851. It was written by Engels for Marx. Here , in the third section 38, Engels examines the material foundations of military affairs. The initial concept has already been developed in general terms. Engels reduces the mode of warfare to its social and economic foundations, not only to the given social relations, but ultimately also to the level of development of the productive forces. A new terminology is being developed: "the method of waging war", "its material foundations". The comparison of military affairs with material production is also clearly visible in this work: the means of production are military means (i.e., the means of waging war), and the mode of production is the mode of waging war. The prerequisites for such an analogy were laid down in the works of Marx and Engels of the period before the revolution of 1848-1849, in "Economic and philosophical Manuscripts", in"German Ideology". And in "Wage labor and capital", this analogy appears in the comparison: instruments of production (material means of production, production of goods).-

35 That is Louis Bonaparte instead of Napoleon I.

36 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 8, p. 119.

37 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 6, pp. 441-442.

38 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 1, pp. 505-513.

page 13
productive forces) and relations of production (social relations of production) are instruments of war (weapons, means of warfare) and, so to speak, "military relations" (the internal organization of the army, relations within the army and the relationship of different armies to each other, that is, the method of conducting war). The fact that the concept that Marx developed had just such a meaning shows its further development.

In August 1857, due to the beginning of the world economic crisis at that time, in anticipation of possible revolutionary upheavals, Marx began to develop his economic theory. He is in a hurry "before the flood" to formulate it at least in general terms. Within a few months, he creates a grandiose, ingenious manuscript called "Critique of Political Economy". In it, he makes his second great discovery-the theory of surplus value. The introduction to this work, written at the end of August, represents a new and decisive step forward in the development of a materialistic understanding of history. The result of a new stage in the development of this concept was then the famous summary in the preface to the Critique of Political Economy, dated January 1859. The "Introduction" also contains the following important statement among the points that were subject to further elaboration: "(1) War reached advanced forms earlier than peace; the way in which economic relations such as wage labor, the use of machinery, etc., developed earlier in war and in armies, etc., than in civil society companies. Similarly, the relation between productive forces and relations of communication is particularly evident in the army. " 39
This position was formulated in the last days of August 1857, and on September 25 Marx wrote to Engels about his article " The Army "for the New American Encyclopedia:" The history of the army most clearly confirms the correctness of our view of the connection between productive forces and social relations. In general, the army plays an important role in economic development." After giving a number of examples that show that many economic phenomena - wages, ownership of movable property, the guild system, the use of machinery, metal money, the division of labor within one branch of production-develop in the army earlier than in the rest of society, Marx continues: "In addition, the history of the army summarizes the entire history of civil society with amazing clarity. If you ever have the time, you should develop this question from this point of view. " 40 The connection of this letter with the" Introduction "to the Critique of Political Economy is quite obvious. As for Marx's wish, it was not realized by Engels until twenty years later in Anti-Duhring. But this theme constantly remained in the field of view of Engels and was reflected in certain passages of his works devoted to military issues.

Shortly before the end of the First volume of Das Kapital, Marx again returned to his proposal, this time in a slightly different form. On July 7, 1866, he wrote to Engels: "Our theory of determining the organization of labor by the means of production is nowhere more brilliantly confirmed than in man-slaughtering industry." I really wish you would write something about it (I don't have enough knowledge for that) that I could include in my book as an appendix with your signature. Think about it. But if you do this, then you should do it for the first volume, where I explore this topic ex professo [specifically]." "About the person-

39 K. Marx and F. Engels, Op. 46, part I, p. 46.

40 K. Marx and F. Engels, Op. 29, p. 154.

41 Again, the comparison of war with production.

page 14
I will try to write to you about the slaughterhouse industry,"46 Engels replied on July 12, but was unable to do so at the time. All these facts show that the question of the material foundations of military affairs was raised by Marx: he was the first to develop this topic, drew Engels ' attention to it, and took the initiative from him.

After Engels ' final relocation to London, his daily live communication with Marx was resumed. According to family and friends, discussion of a wide variety of problems (not excluding, of course, disputes on individual issues) was now commonplace in Marx's office. P. Lafargue gives a colorful description of such discussions in his memoirs. " Marx valued the opinion of Engels more than the opinion of anyone else: Engels was just the person whom Marx considered capable of being his collaborator. In order to convince Engels of something, in order to force him to recognize some idea of his own, Marx spared no pains. For example, I have seen him re-read entire volumes in order to find facts that would make Engels change his mind about something... of secondary importance to the issue... Getting Engels to agree with his opinion was a celebration for Marx. Marx was proud of his friend. He took particular pleasure in revealing to me all the moral and intellectual virtues of Engels. " 47
The collaboration between Marx and Engels during the First International is such a significant topic that it deserves a special study. The joint work of the founders of Marxism continued in the years after the Paris Commune. As a new example, let's take the history of the creation of the "Anti-Duhring". This book is one of the main works of Marxism, its authentic encyclopedia. Engels worked on it for two years, from September 1876 to June 1878. Marx took a certain part in its creation. At the end of May 1876, in letters to each other, they discussed the need to speak out against Duhring. Because of the division of labor that had developed between them, this task fell to Engels. In his letters to Marx, he shared his plans and reported on the progress of the work. Marx helped him find the right literature. For the second section of the book, he wrote the final chapter on the history of political economy. He also got acquainted with the contents of the entire manuscript. Engels states this in the preface to the second edition of the book, which was published after Marx's death: "I will note in passing that since the most significant part of the worldview expounded in this book was founded and developed by Marx, and only in the most insignificant part by me, it was a matter of course for us that it was mine. the essay could not have appeared without his knowledge. I read the whole manuscript to him before I put it to the press, and the tenth chapter of the department dealing with political economy... written by Marx... It has long been our custom to help each other in special areas. " 48 Thus, Anti-Duhring represents the point of view of both founders of Marxism. Here Engels defended, developed and popularized all three components of Marxist theory. Marx called Engels ' pamphlet "The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science", 49 which is a revision of three chapters of the Anti-Duhring (the attribution of this assessment to Marx was established only about ten years ago).

46 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 31, pp. 197, 200.

47 "Memoirs of Marx and Engels", p. 75.

48 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 20, p. 9.

49 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Op. 19, p. 245.

page 15
An outstanding example of creative collaboration was Engels ' participation in the creation and promotion of Marx's main work, the work of his life - Capital. Engels was the first person with whom Marx shared his discoveries in the field of political economy. Engels, who directly observed the concrete process of functioning of the capitalist enterprise, was constantly asked by Marx about certain details of capitalist production. Marx submitted the proofs of the first volume of his work to Engels ' court. Their correspondence concerning this work of Marx (Letters on Capital) runs to many hundreds of pages. Engels was the first propagandist of Marx's work. This he did in numerous reviews, in Anti-Duhring (whose entire economic department is based on the material of Das Kapital), in dozens of letters to third parties, and in several prefaces to volumes of Das Kapital.

On September 14, 1867, the first volume of Capital was published. Official bourgeois science greeted his appearance with a conspiracy of silence. To put an end to this, Engels wrote a total of nine review articles devoted to this brilliant work between October 1867 and July 1868. The content of some of them was outlined by Marx himself. Thus, in response to Engels ' inquiry about the feasibility of using the Stuttgart newspaper Beobachter, edited by the petty-bourgeois democrat Karl Mayer, Marx outlines a review plan: "As for the Swabian newspaper, it would be fun to cheat the Swabian Mayer 50, a friend of Vogt. This could be done very simply. To begin with, no matter how one treats the trend of the book, it does credit to the "German spirit"... As for the book itself, two points should be distinguished: the positive presentation ("excellent" is the second adjective) given by the author, and the tendentious conclusions that he makes. The first is a direct enrichment of science, since the actual economic relations are considered in a completely new way - using the materialistic (this is a popular word "Mayer" likes because of Vogt) method... As for the author's tendency, here again the following must be distinguished. When he proves that modern society, considered economically, is fraught with a new and higher form, he only reveals in the social sphere the same gradual process of transformation that Darwin established in the field of natural history... Thanks to this critical understanding, the author is at the same time:.. Once and for all, I have done away with all patent socialism, that is, with all utopianism. " 51
In a review written five days after this letter, Engels, while implementing Marx's plan and developing the ideas expressed by him, almost literally reproduces his formulations. This is how the review begins: "No matter how we feel about the trend of this book, we still feel justified in saying that it belongs to one of those works that do honor to the German spirit... As far as the book itself is concerned, two very different points should be clearly distinguished: first, the excellent positive presentation of the subject, and second, the tendency of the author to draw conclusions from it. The former is for the most part a direct enrichment of science. The author examines economic relations there using a completely new, materialistic, natural-historical method... As far as the author's tendency is concerned, we can also look at it-

50 That is, by resorting, as Engels said, to the "stratagem of war," to slip him a review whose respectable form would cover up its genuinely revolutionary content.

51 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 31, pp. 341-342.

page 16
define a twofold direction. In so far as he tries to prove that modern society, considered economically, is fraught with a different and higher form of society, in the field of social relations he seeks to establish as a law only the same gradual process of transformation that Darwin established in the field of natural history... It is this critical understanding of the subject that the author has given... the strongest arguments against all patent socialism. " 52
After Marx's death, Engels ' main task, his first duty to the memory of his deceased friend, was to complete the publication of Das Kapital. Engels invested a considerable part of his time and enormous effort in preparing volumes II and III for publication: deciphering and editing thousands of pages of manuscripts, recreating a complete work from incomplete, sometimes fragmentary manuscripts in accordance with the author's plan, and writing many additions to the text for this purpose, as well as deep processing of its individual parts. This titanic work was appreciated in an article written shortly after Engels ' death by V. I. Lenin. "The Austrian social-democrat Adler," he noted, " correctly remarked that with the publication of volumes II and III of Das Kapital, Engels built a magnificent monument to his brilliant friend, on which he involuntarily carved his own name in indelible lines. Indeed, these two volumes of Capital are the work of two men: Marx and Engels. Ancient legends tell of various touching examples of friendship. The European proletariat can say that its science was created by two scientists and fighters, whose relations surpass all the most touching tales of the ancients about human friendship. " 53
These are some of the most important manifestations of the creative collaboration of the founders of scientific communism, allowing us to find out the common features, the main features of this unprecedented long-term joint work. First of all, the main thing is highlighted - the commonality of goals, a systematic and multidimensional division of labor based on the fundamental unity of views of both and a certain specialization of each. An indispensable condition for their cooperation was a constant exchange of information, thoughts, both orally and in writing, discussion of all issues that arose, including mutual comradely criticism. Their highest form of collaboration was working together on many dozens, if not hundreds, of works, which was very versatile: mutual assistance in collecting material, putting forward new or deep development of already proposed ideas, mutual editing, completing works started by others, participating in the creation of their friend's works, and finally writing works together. The main result of this unprecedented scientific collaboration was the creation of a theory that, although it rightfully bears, as Engels himself emphasized, the name of Marx, is ultimately the fruit of their joint work.

52 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 16, pp. 231-232.

53 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 2, p. 12.

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