PART I: EARLY PALEOLITHIC ANCESTORS

Human colonization of the high latitudes of Northern Eurasia led to the need to cope with the harsh bioclimatic environment and fluctuations in the ice cycle. Paleolithic evidence points to ancient cultural achievements during long-term adaptation and transition stages in the population of the North. The impulse was the spread of Early Paleolithic populations to the temperate and continental natural belts of Eurasia, which was fully realized during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. The human biogeographic environment, which largely coincides with the mammoth steppe biomes, was formed during the Middle Paleolithic formative stage. The publication is devoted to the study and discussion of Lower Paleolithic localities and episodes of the initial settlement of Northern Eurasia. Part I defines a range of issues such as temporal perspectivism, culture, adaptation to food production, and principles of human biogeography.

Key words: adaptation strategies, culture, temporal perspective, mammoth steppe biomes, evidence of early settlement.

Introduction

The Paleolithic settlement of northern Eurasia and Beringia periodically attracts the attention of researchers (Bader, 1965; Nat, 1971; McBurney, 1976; Clermont and Smith, 1980; Derevianko, 1990; Guzlitzer and Pavlov, 1993; Cinq-Mars and Morlan, 1999; Serikov, 1999; Keys, 2000; Orlova, 2000). Kuzmin and Zolnikov, 2000; Pavlov and Indrelid, 2000; Rolland, 2001, 2010; Hoffecker, 2002; Mochanov and Fedoseeva, 2002; Pitulko et al., 2004; Rolland, 2008; Chlachula, 2011]. It is associated with physical-climatic and ecological barriers and long-term adaptation to high latitudes, Arctic, subarctic, and subpolar [Clermont, 1974; Clark, 1975, chap. 2; Zvelebil, 1978, p. 205-207], continental and hypercontinental [Nat, 1971, pt 2; 1972, p. 212 - 218; 1974], and periglacial areas [Tricart and Cailleux, 1967; West, 1968, chap. 5; Butzer, 1971, chap. 7].

Tropical African origins, showing the principle of zoogeographic settlement from south to north, left hominids with poor equipment for survival by purely physical means. A more behavioral focus was partially rooted in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the Plio-Pleistocene diet shifted towards predation (Bourliere, 1963; Foley, 1987, chap. 10], highlighting natural-historical cognition [Cachel, 1994] and ecological polymorphism [Kummer, 1971, p.143-144], as well as the development of techno - economic, social, and cognitive sets over a long period of time. Populating vast areas

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The development of the "cold belts" required long transition periods of "apprenticeship", which are recognized through "temporal perspectivism" (Bailey, 2007).

Studies show that habitable ice-free habitats were widespread in Northern Eurasia and Beringia and supported the richness of plant and animal communities in mammoth steppe biomes (Guthrie, 1985, 2001; Kahlke, 1999; Ukkonen et al., 1999; Svendsen et al., 2004; Gualtieri et al., 2005; Kienast et al., 2005; Mangerad et al., 2008; Valiranta et al., 2009]. Upper Paleolithic episodes of settlement, through meridians and high subpolar latitudes, show a large length in time, including the severe last glacial maximum (Pavlov, 1988; Cinq-Mars and Morlan, 1999; Serikov, 1999, 2007; Pavlov and Indrelid, 2000; Pavlov, Svendsen and Indrelid, 2001; Terberger and Street, 2002 Pavlov, Roebroeks, Svendsen, 2004; Pitulko et al., 2004; Svendsen et al., 2004; Kuzmin, 2008; Pavlov, 2008, 2009; Chlachula, 2010a, b]: Mamontova Kurya, 66 N, 36 Ka BP, Pym-Va-Shor, 67 n., 13.5-11.1 thousand years ago, in the Northern Urals; Yanskaya site, 71 n., 27 thousand years ago, Berelekh, >71 n., 11.8-12.2 thousand years ago, in the north of Central Siberia; Bluefish cave, 67 n., 23 thousand years ago., in East Beringia (Cinq-Mars and Morlan, 1999; Harington and Cinq-Mars, 2008). Thus, thanks to cultural innovations, people were able to live far to the north, despite the extreme seasonal temperatures.

Archaeologists find that populations associated with Neanderthals or archaic humans of the modern type existed for a long time in high latitudes during the late Middle-early Late Pleistocene stadials or periglacial glaciation cycles: Linford, MIS-4, Cotte St. Brelade, Jersey, MIS-6 and -4, in England; Beauways, MIS-4, Achenheim "74", MIS-6, in France; Mesvin IV, MIS-8, in Belgium; Lichtenberg, MIS-4, Ochtmissen, MIS-6, Mckliberg, MIS-8, in Germany; Bisnik, Tomaszow, Trzebka, Rozumice-3, MIS-8, in Poland [Grahmann, 1955; Sainty and Thevenin, 1978; Cahen and Michel, 1986; La Cotte..., 1986; Locht et al., 1995; Veil et al., 1996; Boismier et al., 2003; Thieme, 2003; Cyrek, 2010; Foltyn, Kozlowski, Waga, 2010]. Wolf Cave (Susiluola, which some researchers consider unconvincing (Vishnyatsky and Pitulko, 2012)), Ostrobothnia, 62 n. s., in Finland; human remains in Khvalynsk, 52.5 n. s., MIS-5e/5d, Yelniki II, 58-59 n. s., MIS-07/06, on the Volga; Byzovaya (L. B. Vishnyatsky, V. V. Pitulko refer it to the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic [Ibid.]), 65 n. s., MIS-3b, in the Urals; human talus on Baigar, 58 p. MIS-3a (AMS date >40.3 Ka BP), Aryshevskoe-1, 56.8 N, MIS-3a, in Western, Central, and Northern Siberia; Mungharyma, 64 N, MIS-3a, in Yakutia, Russia [Talitsky, 1946; Gremyatsky, 1952; Bader, 1968; Guslitzer and Pavlov, 1987; Shirokov, 1992; The Paleolithic..., 1998; Serikov, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008; Zenin et al., 2000; Chlachula, 2001, 2010a; Mochanov and Fedoseeva, 2002; Schultz et al., 2002; Kuzmin, 2008; Kuzmin et al., 2009]. The presence of these sites shows that for a long time ago people lived in the harsh periglacial, subpolar areas of high latitudes in Europe and Siberia [Nat, 1972; Auguste, 1996; Natural Environment..., 2003; Sainte-Anne I..., 2007; Rolland, 2008; Chlachula, 2011, p. 497] (another point (See Gamble, 1986; Whallon, 1989; Goebel, 2002; Hoffecker, 2002). Further Upper Paleolithic expansions were caused by previous northern directions of settlement, including penetration into Northeastern Europe and Siberia during the Middle Pleistocene Interglacial (Bader, 1965; Arkhipov, 1999). Part I of this publication examines the Early Paleolithic antecedents of the population of Northern Eurasia, while Part II deals with the Middle Paleolithic as a formative stage.

Adaptation restrictions in the settlement of Northern Eurasia

Limitations. The colonization of high-latitude continental areas means a transition to periods that include repetitive, strenuous bioclimatic and resource stresses [Torrence, 1983; Rolland, 2010, table 1], provoked by seasonal regimes [Clermont, 1974; Whiting, Sodergren, Stigler, 1982; Irving, 1985, p. 539-540]. unstable, unpredictable conditions: short summers, long winters with temperatures up to -40... -60 C, thin air (Tomirdiaro, 1996), short daylight hours at latitudes from <56 to 72. The Holarctic taiga and subarctic forest zones maintained a rich vertebrate biomass during warm periods, but winters greatly reduced or suspended its main reproduction due to an acute food shortage [Clermont, 1974; Zvelebil, 1978, p. 207]. Icy, thick snow covers, prolonged frosts, and frequent summer and winter fogs restricted movement and access to running water.

"The Adaptation paradox". Living in this environment meant year-round survival, wintering in dangerous conditions (Liebig's law of minimum). African primate ancestors and early Homo were adapted to tropical semi-arid or monsoon ecosystems [Wheeler, 1991, 1992], which means that alien conditions made hominids directly dependent on the level of thermoregulatory endurance.

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This interaction between humans and the environment required a predatory diet based on mammals, ornitho-and ichthyofauna; fire, clothing, shelter construction using foliage, moss, branches, bark, planks, logs, mammoth bones, and tusks; and overcoming various thresholds in technological development in accordance with increased complexity, diversity, and intensity. works by [Clermont, 1977, p. 66-79; Perles, 1977, 1981; Clermont and Smith, 1980, p. 222-224; Bosinski, 1982, p. 167; Morlan and Cinq-Mars, 1982, p. 354; Torrence, 1983; Irving, 1985, p. 540; Velichko, 1988, p. 194; Cinq-Mars and Morlan, 1999, p. 209; Rolland, 1999, p. 318-320; Pawlik and Thissen, 2011] (winter food preparation, storing berries in fat [Cooper, 1946, p. 286], meat drying and smoking, storage in permafrost lenses). Local groups could not survive in isolation or by moving randomly if they wanted to gain access to essential resources that were not regularly distributed across the landscape. They visited areas with food resources for the purpose of survey, taking advantage of information stored for generations, transmitted through moving heterogeneous local groups, through marital ties, oral traditions that formed a connecting space, information flows and their sources [Cooper, 1946, p. 298 - 299; Clermont, 1977, p. 23 - 24; Moore, 1981, p. 195, 216 - 217; Morlan, Cinq-Mars, 1982, p. 380].

Conceptual framework and approaches

Time perspectivism. Geomorphological or bioclimatic changes in the Paleolithic occurred at different rates, often over a long period of time, close to the geological one (Bailey, 1987). Other changes are related to random historical events (Braudel, 1980). Temporal perspectivism, with a key heuristic and theoretical content for archaeology, is consistent with the identification of different chronological intervals based on archaeological remains and cultural changes [Bailey, 1981, 2007, 2008]. The chronology shows that during the formative stage of the Middle Paleolithic in Eurasia (Rolland, 1999), the way of life developed synchronously with all glaciation cycles, including significant shifts in ecosystems during the period from 300 to 35 Ka BP (Roebroeks, Conard, and Kolfschoten, 1992).

Culture. This is "the sphere of interpretation and meaning derived through the restructuring of elements and connections, the transformation of the actual reality of objects, activities, events in the developing reality of a person, for the interpretation of the world" [Santangelo, 1998]. This is a neuroanatomic "hard drive" that begins with the accelerating encephalization of early Homo. It is based on a complex and sophisticated cerebral mantle of neurostructures (Washburn, 1965, p. 28-29; Santangelo, 1993; 1998, p. 7-8; Deacon, 1997, p. 343-345). The cultural content of "software" obtained in a social way penetrates into a person's life, playing a special, non-biological function that causes Lamarckian group inheritance [Flannery, Marcus, Reynolds, 1989, p. 213]. Due to the development of culture between humanity and nature, a home range was formed in the environment, to which humanity adapted, which weakened the biological dependence on natural conditions [Leroi-Gourhan, 1964 - 1965; Benoist, 1965, p. 898-899; 1966, p. 6; Kummer, 1971, p. 11-14]. To a certain extent, culture replaces biological regulation and takes a higher level in their synthesis in the course of evolution [Levi-Strauss, 1967, p. 4]. Cultural history studies the human past based on the archaeological, ethnological, or historical origins of linguistics [Tolstoy, 1975, p. 179, 181-183]. The trajectory of settlement in Northern Eurasia shows a more accelerated development, diverse, with its own specific set of related aspects, with new, richer, more highly organized elements inherent in it, and a platform for their implementation. These elements can be combined into cultural levels and spheres [Kroeber, 1963, p. 223; Semenov, 1970, fig. 1; Clark, 1980; Rolland, 1999, fig. 3], based on the concept of the "noosphere" by V. Vernadsky (Tannenbaum, 1999).

Adaptation to foraging and omnivorous behavior in early hominids and transition to zoophagy

Biases in the diet. Direct evidence confirms that hunting and gathering was the most stable, reliable and successfully adaptable way of life support [Man the Hunter, 1968, p. 3], which existed since 2.6 million years AGO and was associated with the production of stone tools. This long-lasting, effective path connecting behavioral aspects through culture has been expanded and developed through the improvement of resource acquisition techniques (sampling, conservation, processing), strategies for using landscape features, and techno-economic and cognitive methods. This "conquest of the environment" (Zeuner, 1963) was probably associated with the "classical" Homo (McBurney, 1975, p. 411; 1976, p. 5; Clark, 1980) and dominated until gradually

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It was not displaced by the spreading Neolithic economy in the early Holocene. This process was part of a "double inheritance" (Schaller, 1973, p. 264), which combines the plant-based diet received from primates and the predatory tendency to "partial zoophagia" (Bourliere, 1963), as, for example, in social predators (Schaller and Lowther, 1969; Arcadi, 2006). This duality, i.e., the special omnivorous nature of hominids, made it possible to obtain food at all levels of the trophic pyramid (Clarke, 1976, p. 462). Homo has acquired natural-historical cognition, as in predators, "symbolic representation and abstract management of environmental properties and resources" [Cachel, 1994; 2006, pt 8], as well as ecological polymorphism [Kummer, 1971, p. 143-144].

People of the Middle Pleistocene gradually settled in the Arctic, subarctic, hypercontinental, and periglacial ecosystems of Northern Eurasia, becoming highly dependent on animal proteins and dietary fats available all year round [Schtile, 1991, p. 243]. Techniques related to sociospatial organization and cognition developed (Harrison, 1956), which determined the necessary prerequisites for the settlement of such unattractive ecosystems.

Spatial organization, social morphology. Paleolithic researchers consider direct observation of historically known foragers as an intuitive, potentially effective way to understand the essence of the Pleistocene lifestyle [Narr, 1962; Man the Hunter, 1968; Yellen and Harpending, 1972; Martin, 1974; Wobst, 1976; Meiklejohn, 1977; Stiles, 1977; Hunter-Gartherer Foraging Strategies..., 1981; Kelley, 1983; The Cambridge Encyclopedia..., 1999; Marlowe, 2005].

Drawing an analogy with the data of the late period (Willey, 1977, p. 86) allows us to determine the similarities and differences, to clarify the features of the existence of people in the Middle Paleolithic: such innovations as harpoons, spears, bows and arrows, fishing hooks, canoes, hunting dogs, a set of tools for grinding grain, appeared only during the Upper Paleolithic period. during the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods, historically known foragers, unlike their Paleolithic predecessors, who occupied optimal habitats at different latitudes, remained mainly in peripheral zones with lower productivity. With a few exceptions (Deetz, 1968; Tolstoy, 1975; The Cambridge Encyclopedia..., 1999, p. 3), no direct historical links with Paleolithic communities have been preserved.

The basis of research on primitive society is the social life of ancient man (Clark, 1963). Avoiding practical difficulties (lack of direct observations, material evidence of social life), we have to turn to its main aspects that give clear evidence - the mode of existence and stone technology, which are probably more durable (Tolstoy, 1975, p. 165).

Social morphology, which developed within the framework of social anthropology [Durkheim, 1899; Mauss, 1904-1905, p. 39], tries to find a definition of the material basis of social life. The role of archaeology in this case is to study material remains that indicate chaotic settlement in the past [Vermeersch, 2001] or the constancy of habitats [Bordes, 1975, p. 141; Vermeersch, 2001]. Social life and resource diversity are linked in time and space: the long-term survival of local groups due to the production of offspring and self-reproduction of resources makes it necessary to expand the area of movement and intergroup mating relationships in territories beyond the limits of home ranges [Woodburn, 1968; Lee, 1972; Meiklejohn, 1977; Wobst, 1976].

Permanent, adaptable aspects of the social life of Paleolithic and historical gatherers probably included low population density, dispersion, population mobility, and the presence of socioterritorial groups with exogamy leading to their separation and integration, and constant inter-group movement of people (Helm, 1968; Turnbull, 1968; Woodburn, 1968). Transmitted oral traditions (Cooper, 1946; Moore, 1981, p. 217; Morlan and Cinq-Mars, 1982, p. 380; Mine, 1986) spread across vast areas, ensuring survival in an unpredictable habitat in Northern Eurasia and periglacial environments. The areas of the Middle Paleolithic stone industries and the territories that provided their creators with resources can tell more than human genes. The lack of raw materials may have stimulated migration over long distances exceeding 400 km (Fernandes and Raynal, 2007; Slimak and Giraud, 2007; Slimak, 2008). The dispersion in the distribution of sites demonstrates the boundary of human settlement that has fluctuated over the centuries.

Human biogeography. Large-scale observations based on social morphology and covering the territories of Northwestern, Central, and Northeastern Europe, the Northern, Central, Western, and Eastern Urals, and Western, Central, and Eastern Siberia provide insight into the distribution of Middle Paleolithic plants in Northern Eurasia, which coincides with the distribution of Pleistocene mammoth steppe biomes (Kahlke, 1999; Guthrie, 2001; Rolland,

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2010, fig. 1]. The vast ecumene included areas of interconnected social groups and these biomes (Bosinski, 1982, p. 167; Caldwell, 1964; Nat, 1972). Its scope goes beyond regional studies [Conkey, 1987, p. 74-75; Nat, 1971, p. 91-97; Tolstoy, 1975].

Mammoth Steppe Biome

Geographical location. The mammoth steppe biome, which narrowed and expanded cyclically, existed during the Middle and Late Pleistocene in Northern Eurasia and Beringia. At its maximum expansion, it extended from the foothills of the Pyrenees to the Mackenzie River basin in northwestern Canada (see figure). Occasionally, the biome extended to the Swiss Plateau, Aquitaine, Burgundy, the Mediterranean islands in the northwest, Pannonia, the Northern Balkans (Malez, 1979, p. 55-79), the slopes of the mountains of the North Caucasus, Primorye, Northeastern China (Chow, 1978; Liu and Li, 1989), and Hokkaido (Minato, 1989). 1967]. The Eurasian mammoth and woolly rhinoceros faunal complex played a crucial role in localizing more Middle Paleolithic sites in the Middle and High latitudes.

Origin. Neotectonic mountain-building processes in Central Asia and climate degradation since the turn of the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Pisias and Moore, 1981; Ruddiman and Kurzbach, 1989; Velichko et al., 2009) stimulated the formation of a mixed complex of Arctic, tundra, steppe, and Alpine ecosystems, the spread of steppe formations, and the evolution of animal species adapted to the dry climate . and cold climates (Guthrie, 1985, 1989; Aghajanyan, 2004).

"Productivity paradox", biotic characteristics. The controversial concept of individual extinct Pleistocene biomes (Stanley, 1980) is gradually being developed (Hibbert, 1982). The controversy arose as a result of extrapolation by a number of researchers of the existing latitudinal plant formations to Pleistocene ones (Hammen, Wijmstra, and Zagwijn, 1971), leaving out the ecological incompatibility of palynological data with mammalian fossils (Colinvaux, 1980; Colinvaux and West, 1984; Laxton, Burn, and Smith, 1996). Palynology confirms that

Distribution of mammoth steppe biomes during maxima of long-term phases. a -mammoth steppe; b-Ural; c-Paleolithic location; d-accumulation of Paleolithic monuments.

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during the glacial maximum in high latitudes, periglacial zones and areas with a continental climate became rare tundra areas or polar deserts, but this is refuted by a comprehensive analysis of mammalian fossils and mummified remains (including stomach contents), pollen, ecology of the region, and dated monuments (Nowak et al., 1930; Bader, 1968; Vereshchagin, 1971 Vereshchagin and Baryshnikov, 1982; Kislev and Nazarov, 1985; Guthrie, 1985, 1989, 2001; Auguste, 1996; Laxton, Burn, Smith, 1996; Kahlke, 1999; Orlova, Kuzmin, and Zolnikov, 2000; Orlova, Kuzmin, and Dementiev, 2007; Harington and Cinq-Mars, 2008The main cycles of the Pleistocene supported separate habitats with mosaic complexes of flora and fauna that have several modern biotic analogues [Yurtsev, 1982], so to speak, "the Scottish Pleistocene cell against the Holocene banded pattern" [Guthrie, 1989]; the biome formed a now-defunct biotic zonal subdivision that encompassed a sympatric amalgam of various plant and animal species . animal communities and sub-communities throughout Northern Eurasia and Beringia (Guthrie, 1985; Markova, Puzachenko, Kolfschoten, 2010]. Increased climate continentality (Guthrie, 2001, fig. 1] caused the spread of drought-resistant meadows (sagebrush, cereals, and haze), winter pastures, a longer growth season, thin snow cover with earlier melting, and warmer summers [Quaternary..., 1999; Kienast et al., 2005; Valiranta et al., 2009]. They supported year-round grazing generalist animals, in particular mammoths and woolly rhinoceroses (Nowak et al., 1930), bison, and horses, which formed the dominant biomass in terms of abundance. Woolly rhinos and mammoths that lived in high latitudes, unlike the herds that migrated to the south, were smaller and had massive fat deposits. A longer growing season and fertile soil provided an advantage for rapid growth of animals such as bison, reindeer, musk ox, wapiti, and other ruminants.

Hominid lifestyle and mammoth steppe biome. People in the Middle Paleolithic hunted medium-to large-sized ungulates: mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, bison, horse, antelope, wild donkey, saiga, yak, camel, musk ox, sheep, screw-horned antelope, reindeer, mountain goat, elk, red deer, wapiti, dzeren. All these factors determined adaptation and specialization in periglacial steppe home ranges (Bosinski, 1983; Turner, 1990; Auguste, 1995) throughout the entire biome stretching from the Pyrenees to Yakutia and Transbaikalia.

Key elements such as the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, horse, and bison existed throughout the glacial maximum. Reindeer evolved in Atlantic Europe over stadials, migrating along the corridors of swampy valleys. Saiga, horse, and bison preferred dry, hard ground. This mosaic set, which now has no parallels, formed separate, biotically saturated zones of the Pleistocene: roe deer and red deer, giant elk, saiga, mammoth, and woolly rhinoceros in Central and continental Eastern Europe, the Ural Mountains ,and Siberia (Velichko, 1988; Turner, 1990; Khenzykhenova, 1999; Chlachula, 2010a). cold phases; unchanged for high latitudes in Finland (Kurten, 1988; Ukkonen et al., 1999) and Central Siberia (Chlachula, Drozdov, Ovodov, 2003) during the mammoth and reindeer interglacial periods. Remains of reindeer predominate at sites in caves and grottos in Southwestern and Central France (Combe-Grenal, Vergisso IV), and mammoths-at open - type monuments (Tomasso Quarry, Vergisso II).

The extracted animals were used as food (fat, liver, meat) and technological raw materials (hides, fur, bones, teeth, tusks, horns for tools, fuel, protective equipment). The withers of mammoths and rhinoceroses contained a large amount of fat, as evidenced, for example, by finds at the Cotte St. Brelade monument (Scott, 1980). Mammoth mining in mineral-rich solonets (Derevyanko, Zenin, Leshchinsky, and Mashchenko, 2000) was carried out year-round (Laukhin et al., 1997), which provided, for example, the main share of food at the Salzgitter-Lebenstedt monument, despite the predominance of reindeer (Gaudzinski and Roebroeks, 2000; Staesche, 1983].

Lower Paleolithic settlement in Northern Eurasia

Humans began to move out of the Sub-Sahara around 1.2-1.6 million years AGO, mostly in a south - north direction. The development of North Africa and Eurasia was carried out using the potential of animal biomass of the Eurasian eutrophic lineage [Schtile, 1991, p. 242-243; Schtile and Schuster, 1995, p.242-245] and was a new ecological factor that made large herbivores (elephants, rhinos) vulnerable at first, which were careless due to the lack of natural predators. Lower Palaeolithic sites will be listed below as settlement milestones that show a homotaxon pattern of northward movement above 40 N over time, with an accurate or approximate indication of the latitude of the location, reliable or assumed-

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There are 8 settlement dates ranging from 1.2 (calibrated) to 0.40 million years ago.

Northern Spain: Western Europe. Atapuerca (Grand Valley, Cima del Elefante), 42.5 N, 1.2-0.85 Ma; Wall Paradise, above 41 N, 0.85 Ma; La Bella, 41 N, 0.08 Ma South, Central, Northern France: Lesina-la-Sebe, above 43 N, 1.57 Ma; Vallone, above 43.5 N, 0.95 Ma; Font-de-Lavais, Pont-de-la-Ylederie, La Noire, Terra-de-Sablons, 47-48 n. previously 0.90 million BP, 0.90, 0.60 and 0.90 million BP respectively; Abbeville, above 50 N, 0.60 million BP South, East Anglia: Boxgrove, above 50 N, previously 0.50 million BP; Kents Cavern, High Lodge, 52 N 0.60 million BP (calibrated); Paik Field, Happisburg, above 52 N, 0.95-0.70 million BP Germany: Kerlich, Misenheim, Moer, above 49.5-50 N, 0.64-0.60 million BP Northern, Central Italy: Visogliano, above 44.5 N., 0.50 - 0.47 Ma; Monte Poggiollo, above 44 N, previously 0.60 Ma; Isernia, Venosa (Notarchirico, Loreto), above 41 N, 0.64-0.60 Ma.

Bulgaria: Eastern Europe. Kozarnika, above 43.5 N, previously 1.0 million years AGO Ukraine: Korolevo, 48 N, previously 0.80 million years ago, in Transcarpathia. European part of Russia: Gerasimovka, 46.5 N, formerly 0.80 million years ago, in the Azov Sea region; Bogatyri, Rodniki, 45 n, 1.2-1.1 million years ago, in the Taman Peninsula; Darvagchay, 42.5 N, 0.80-0.60 million years ago, in Dagestan. Georgia: Dmanisi, above 40 N, 1.75 million BP

Kazakhstan: Central and Eastern Asia. Mugodzhary, 47 n. s., Koshkurgan-1, Shoktas-1, 43 n. s., 0.55-0.27 Ma Tajikistan: Kuldara, 40 n. s., 0.85 Ma Mongolia: Silicon Valley, Tsagan-Agui, 47-48 n. s., 0.5-0.30 Man. Asian part of Russia: Karama, 51.3 N, 0.80-0.40 Ma, Ulalinka, 55 N, 0.70-0.40 Ma, in the Altai; Mokhovo I, 55 N, 0.78-0.25 Ma, in western Siberia; Berezhekovo, above 55 N, 0.54 - 0.13 million years ago, in the central part of Siberia; Deering-Yuryakh, 61 n. s., 0.40-0.30 million years ago, in Yakutia. Northern China: Dongutou Xiaochangliang, Majianggou/Goudi, 40 N, formerly 1.00-0.80 Ma, Nihevan, Hebei.

Between 1.2 and 0.8 million years AGO, the population spread reached 42-51 N (Ragnar, 1987; Gaoetal, 2005; Early Paleolithic).. ., 2008; Oldest migrations..., 2009; Derevyanko, 2009; Oldest human expansions..., 2010]. Around 900-600 Ka BP, during mostly temperate phases, it spread northward from 52 NW in the Pyrenees in Central and Northern France, Italy, Germany, and England [Parfitt, Barendregt, Breda et al., 2005; Despriee, Gageonnet, and Voinchet et al., 2006 Excursion..., 2008; Despriee, Voinchet, Gageonnet et al., 2009; Parfitt, Ashton, Lewis et al., 2010], Transcarpathian Ukraine, Northern Azov region (Gerasimovka). Sites dating from 900-800 Ka BP, such as the Fonde Lavais (Despriee, Gageonnet, Voinchet et al., 2006), Happisburg, and Norfolk (Parfitt, Ashton, and Lewis et al., 2010), indicate Arctic conditions. Living in high latitudes made it necessary to wear protective clothing, cover with fat, use fire and maintain it with minimal mobility [Gowlett, 2006; Rolland, 2007, p. 184-185]. The earliest episodes of settlement, occasionally associated with the Middle Pleistocene stages in the foothill regions (Arago, Bomet-Bonnet, Southern France), are represented at the Kerlich (Horizon b), Eifel-Basin in Germany (Bosinski, 1983, S. 22; Turner, 1990), MIS-12, previously 400 thousand hp

The regions located between 3010 E [Nat, 1971, pt 2; 1972, p. 213]demonstrate the movement of hominids from the western regions affected by the marine climate to the center of Northern Eurasia with increasing continental climate. Paleolithic evidence in Northern Europe that precedes the Late Middle Pleistocene remains is scanty and has an insufficient number of dates (Potocki, 1961; Bader, 1965, fig. 2; 1968], disturbed by the movement of the ice sheet, and the transgressions of the Black and Caspian Seas isolated the Russian Plain from the Caucasus (Bader, 1965, fig. 1; Bolikhovskaya and Molodkov, 2002, p. 8; Lubin and Belyaeva, 2006, Figures 7, 10A), the Middle and Late Pleistocene proglacial lakes and their drainage system underwent changes in Northeastern Europe and Northwestern Siberia (Mangerad, Astakhov, Svendsen, 2002; Svendsen et al., 2004].

The lower layer of the Yelniki II monument (58 s. n.) on the Sylva River in Perm Krai contained quartzite chopping tools and in situ flakes, together with trogonterium elephant bones (Guzlitzer and Pavlov, 1987, pp. 6-7; Guzlitzer and Pavlov, 1993, p. 175, 178), which were presumably attributed to The Likhvinsky (Holstein) interglacial period, MIS-11 (Bolikhovskaya and Molodkov, 2002, Fig. The skull cap of the Khvalyn Neanderthal and the humerus of Homo were found on Khoroshevsky Island on the Volga (52.5 n) (Bader, 1965, fig. 4; Gremyatsky, 1952], remains of three representatives of the Khazar faunal complex of the Late Middle Pleistocene (Gromova, 1932), and a set of the "mammoth - Siberian rhinoceros"complex. Human remains can be dated to the Mikulinsky (MIS-5e-d) rather than the Cherepetskaya (MIS-7) Interglacial period.

The cave sites of Kudaro, Azykh, and Triangulnaya belonging to the Middle Pleistocene (600-300 Ka BP), and open - type monuments containing angelic tools and small items (Lyubin, 1998; Bolikhovskaya and Molodkov, 2002; Lyubin and Belyaeva, 2006) indicate a previous settlement during the Middle Pleistocene.-

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the Caucasus region and moving further north. Central Asia (Davis and Ranov, 1999; Ranov and Schafer, 2000; Vishnyatsky, 1996; Vishnyatsky, 1999) serves as a geographical background for northward settlement: the Zaisan, Narym, Koshkurgan-1 and Shoktas-1 sites in Kazakhstan (43 n. s.) [Derevyanko, Petrin, Taimagambetov et al. 2000], and the Acheulean Mugojar series (47 n. s.), presumably dated to 550-275 Ka BP (Derevyanko et al., 2001, Fig. 60; Chlachula, 2010b]. The early layers in the Tsagan-Agui cave (Gobi Altai) may be of Middle Pleistocene age (Derevyanko, Olsen, Tseveendorzh et al., 2000).

Initial settlement of southern Siberia [Chlachula, 2011; The Paleolithic..., 1998, chap. 3] in the Middle Pleistocene (migrations from the territories of North-Eastern Kazakhstan and Mongolia [Larichev, Khol'ushkin, Laricheva, 1987, fig. 1]) represents an important tipping point. Siberian land with severe continental conditions and variable regional climates in the recent past (-33 S in the foothills of the Altai, -26 S on Lake Baikal, -56 S in the upper reaches of the Yenisei, and -35 to -52 S in Central Yakutia) maintained a drought-resistant ice-free ecological corridor during mild phases (Matasova et al., 2001). in the north of Yakutia (Arkhipov, 1999, p. 139). There are several undisturbed, reliably dated sites of the Lower-early Middle Paleolithic, but most of the monuments have a redeposited context or represent sites with surface occurrence of corrupted artifacts, such as the Tarakhai and Olon complexes (Medvedev, 1998). Monuments (from south to north) Karama [Derevianko et al., 2005; Derevyanko, 2009; Shunkov, 2005], Ulalinka [The Paleolithic..., 1998], Mokhovo 1 [Arkhipov, 1999; Foronova, 1999], Berezhekovo [Chlachula, 1999, 2001; Drozdov, Chlachula, and Chekha, 1999], and Deering-Yuryakh [Mochanov, 1988a, b; Mochanov and Fedoseeva, 2002] have an approximate dating context.

The multi-layered Karam locality in the Altai, 51.3 n. s., contains a large number of well-processed objects (cores, unifasil and bifasil choppers, scrapers on nuclei and flakes, notched and jagged tools, knives) and represents an important milestone in the initial settlement of Siberia. Palynospectra of the Cherny Anuy section (20 km upstream), indicating plant communities with numerous exotic tree species, indicate warm climatic conditions during most of the Pleistocene. These data, as well as RTL dates, geomorphology, and lithostratigraphy indicate an early settlement of ca. 800 thousand years AGO [Stoyanka..., 2005].

The Ulalinka on the outskirts of Gorno-Altaisk, studied by A. P. Okladnikov, contains loose sediments below layer 11 with split quartzite pebbles of archaic appearance and large objects that are problematic to date and typologically determine [Derevianko, 1990, p. 4-9; The Paleolithic..., 1998, p. 23 - 26]. New studies (Derevianko et al., 2005; Shunkov, 2005, p. 69) are supported by only a few identifiable artefacts (Museum of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Novosibirsk; own study of the collection, 2003), dated by the paleomagnetic method <430-300 Ka BP. It needs to be confirmed [The Paleolithic..., 1998, p. 338; Kuzmin, 2000, p. 33]. Layer 8a at the Berezhekovo site located in the Yenisei basin contains mixed artifacts and faunal remains. The presence of bones of the Middle Pleistocene Khazar horse implies the Tobolsk temperate phase [Arkhipov, 1999; Drozdov, Chlachula, and Chekha, 1999, p. 145; Kuzmin 2000, p. 33].

The Lower Paleolithic workshop for processing raw materials Deering-Yuryakh, 61 p. s., 128 vd, located on the highest Tabaginskaya terrace of the Lena River in Yakutia, aroused not only great interest of the scientific community [Derevianko, 1990, p. 9-11], but also debates about its age [Arkhipov, 1999, p. 9-11]. 139; The Paleolithic..., 1998, p. 336-337; Kuzmin, 2000, p. 33-35; Kuzmin and Krivonogov, 1994, 1999]. The surrounding environment, planigraphy, stratigraphy, numerous artefacts, and re-formed tools (Mochanov, 1988a, b; Mochanov and Fedoseeva, 2002, Figures 25-28) are quite informative. The date of 267 Ka BP obtained by thermoluminescence analysis (Waters, Forman, and Pierson, 1997) is inconclusive (Kuzmin, 2000), and the age of 1.8 - 2.2 Ma determined by the paleomagnetic method is also questionable. The most plausible date remains 400-300 thousand years ago.

Conclusions

Data related to the Lower Paleolithic or the time of transition to the Middle Paleolithic show a cyclical initial settlement of Northern Eurasia. Paleolithic sites in the region are unevenly distributed, their archaeological context is ambiguous, and dates are unreliable. Western Europe shows a dense concentration of monuments, which is associated with favorable field conditions, a long history of research, and a large number of research institutes. Some localities coincide with the territory of distribution of the mammoth steppe biome, but the chronoclimatic distribution of the mammoth steppe biome is more stable.-

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skis correlate with mild / moderate episodes and early or Middle Pleistocene contexts.

The Atlantic zones with moderate humidity were probably settled earlier than the north-eastern regions of the European Plain with a dry temperate continental climate and Siberia with a sharply continental one. A number of factors complicate the search for evidence in northeastern continental Europe and Siberia: short summers, huge distances east of 60 e (because of the remoteness of large territories are inaccessible) [Tyracek, 1999, p. 4], monuments are destroyed by permafrost, salt fluctuation, ice sheets, deflation, geographically dispersed, deeply buried under the thick layers of loess, colluvium, or permafrost that cover them.

The findings refute the claim that an unattractive environment and/or a limited set of cultural innovations and opportunities precluded early settlement of Northern Eurasia. The paleocenvironment of the European and Siberian territories of the middle and high latitudes preserved favorable episodes for settlement. Sites with surface occurrence of artefacts, namely Acheulean bifaces, at high latitudes in North-Eastern Europe (Krasny Stan, Kamir, Tungus), Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Bader, 1965; Middle Palaeolithic Human Activity..., 2010, p. 7-8; The Palaeolithic..., 1998; Derevyanko, 2009] presumably belong to the Middle Pleistocene.

Palynological data and faunal remains show a mosaic of habitats that do not have any existing parallels (Bolikhovskaya, 2007; Guthrie, 2001). Dispersal in the Early Paleolithic coincided with the wet, temperate, and mild Arctic phases of the Middle Pleistocene in Eastern Europe and Siberia [Arkhipov, 1999; Quaternary..., 1999; Velichko et al., 2009], but Arctic/subarctic zones required adaptive abilities determined by human cultural development, on which wintering success depended.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 14.02.13, in the final version-on 11.10.13.

Abstract

Human occupation of northern Eurasia high latitudes entailed coping -with severe bioclimatic circumstances and Ice Age cycle fluctuations. Resolving this "adaptability paradox" required depending on cultural, rather than biological means. Paleolithic evidence indicates culture historical developments of considerable time depth, long-term adaptive stages and thresholds in the "peopling of the North ". It began with Lower Paleolithic populations expanding into temperate and continental Eurasia, becoming fully actualized during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. The Middle Paleolithic Formative Stage constituted a human biogeographic realm overlapping significantly with the Mammoth-Steppe-Biome faunal complex. Part I identifies issues, "time perspectivism ", culture, foraging adaptation, and human biogeography concepts. Lower Paleolithic occurrences, initial occupation episodes are surveyed and discussed.

Keywords: adaptive constraints strategies, culture, time perspectivism, Mammoth-Steppe-Biome, early dispersals evidence.

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