The article analyzes and interprets the fourth-century BC burial mound complex located near the village of Kremeneyeka (Donetsk region, Ukraine) in the North-Eastern Azov region. The exact types of amphorae are determined, and the date of the complex is specified-within the third quarter of the IV century BC. Based on stratigraphic data, a funerary rite unique to the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region has been completely reconstructed and described.

Keywords: Northern Azov region, mounds, Trizna, Scythians, amphorae, cast bronze cauldron, plate horse headpiece, IV century AD.

In 1977. The Donetsk expedition of the IA of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR led by S. Bratchenko investigated a group of mounds near the village of Kremenevka in the Volodarsky district of the Donetsk region. 1, A). Here, among the objects of the Bronze Age, a mound of Scythian time No. 5 and an object with the remains of a trizna of the same period - mound No. 7-were excavated. However, in the scientific literature, opinions were expressed based on erroneous definitions of most amphorae, which are given in the excavation report, for example, that the burial mound is not a monument. N 5 is a sanctuary of the IV century. B.C., and coorg. N 7 is a sanctuary that functioned during the Scythian-Sarmatian period from the fourth century BC to the first century AD [Shepko and Shvetsov, 1998, p. 118; Shepko, 1999, p. 33; 2000, p. 101; Boltrik, 2007, p.47]. According to the report [Bratchenko et al., [1977], pp. 15-17, 25-27], Kurgan. N 5 and 7 were located on a gentle slope of the steppe plateau 200 m east of the main group of mounds near the village of Kremenevka, which are elongated in an uneven chain on the dividing ridge in the north-west - south-east direction (Fig. The mounds were tightly adjacent in their floors to each other. No. 7 was located just 5 m west of Mound No. 5. Excavation of both sites began with bulldozing trenches up to the mainland, which passed through the center. When peculiar powerful stone structures were discovered under the mounds, the study of the mounds began to be carried out manually, with careful fixation. Fragments of amphorae found in both mounds were incorrectly identified typologically and also incorrectly dated, which gave grounds to consider the objects separately from each other and date them differently. In fact, objects N 5 and 7 planographically form a single complex of Scythian time and relate, as established by the analysis of finds, to the same time. The actual mound was object No. 5, and object No. 7 is called a mound conditionally, it was the venue of the trizna.

Kurgan No. 5. The height is 1.75 m from the ancient horizon. The mound is oval in shape, with a cross-section of 32 and 26 m (Fig. 2). The top of the mound is flattened, southern

* For preliminary information about the monument, see [Polin and Karnaukh, 2010, p. 33].

page 116

Fig. 1. Map-diagram of the location of mounds (A) and plan-diagram of the kurgan group (B) near the village of Kremenevka.

1 - excavated mounds; 2 - undiscovered ones.

Fig. 2. Plan of mounds No. 5.

page 117

3. Stratigraphic sections of mound No. 5.

A-along the north-south line, view from the east; B-along the east-west line (reconstruction), view from the south; C-face of the stone platform, uch. A - In section 2, view from the west; D-face of the eastern arc of the platform, view from the east.

the slope is gentle. In the north-western part - a predatory passage. The stratigraphic section of the central brow shows: buried soil with a thickness of 0.3 m from the level of the ancient horizon at 1.75 m from "0"*, continental loam from a level of 2 m from "0", a sod layer on the surface of the object with a thickness of 0.15 m. In the center of the mound, a stone structure was found installed on the ancient day surface in the form of a solid platform made of stones with steep slopes. The platform is 1.5 m high and 14 m long along the north-south line. It was flanked by a humus embankment. The visible line of the ancient horizon was clearly traced under the stone structure and beyond it by 2 m (Fig. 3).

No burials were found under the stone structure. Apparently, the coorg. No. 5 is a cenotaph that does not contain burials. Fragments of two amphorae (1*) were found in the ancient horizon 5 - 6 m to the south-east of "0" - they are probably from-

* A conditional point in the center of the mound on its surface, from which depth and distance measurements were made.

* Hereafter, the numbers shown in bold correspond to the ordinal numbers of items found in the complex.

page 118
the place of symbolic burial, next to which the memorial trizna took place, is marked. An oval-shaped stone platform measuring 17x14 m at the base was built over the burial, extending along the north-east-south-west line. In the section, it had the appearance of a low, wide truncated cone with a flat top inclined to the east, 13-15 m wide. Its height at its highest point in the western part reached 1.75 m, in the eastern part-1.0 m. The top of the platform was destroyed during regular plowing, probably no more than 0.2-0.3 m. Its height in ancient times, apparently, did not exceed 2 m. The sides of the platform are very steep-the angle of inclination is 40-80°. The structure was a structure made of granite stones with a ground filling between them. The stones are laid quite tightly and neatly. The soil between the stones of the structure appeared undoubtedly as a result of filtration of precipitation through the soil part of the mound mound. Along the edge of the structure,massive stones measuring 0.9 x 0.6 x 0.4 m were laid. Most of them had sharp edges: the stone was probably broken in a quarry on the eve of the construction of the platform.

The earth embankment adjacent to the stone structure appeared almost immediately after the completion of the platform construction. This is indicated first of all by the very high steepness of the slopes of the stone platform (sometimes up to 80°), as well as the small number of small stones on the ancient horizon at its foot. If the creation of the stone platform and the earth embankment covering it, which supported the walls, were separated by a period of time, the edges of the platform would undoubtedly collapse as a result of natural destruction and become flat. The earth embankment was approximately 22-25 m across. Undoubtedly, initially a layer of soil (judging by the slope of the remnants of a stone shell preserved along the edges, no more than 0.5 m thick) also covered the top of the stone platform. Soil for the construction of the mound was taken along the edges of mound No. 5; this conclusion can be made taking into account the absence of ancient soil further than 2 m from the stone platform and a rather significant decrease in the level of the mainland in the floors of the mound (Fig. 3, A, profiles No. 2-4), as well as near it-in sections of the neighboring mound. N 7 lacks the level of ancient soil, and chernozem soil and the mainland are completely selected to a depth of 0.5-0.6 m (Fig. 4, sections N 1.2). Surface of an earthen mound mound. No. 5 was covered with a solid shell up to 25 m wide of small granite stones, the remains of which were preserved in the floors of the mound. In the center, the shell was destroyed by plowing, as evidenced by small stones located in the turf layer.

In ancient times, the height of the entire mound structure. N 5 did not exceed 2.5 m with a diameter of approx. 25.0 m. Upon completion of its construction, a memorial trizna was performed near the western half of the mound, and the object with its remains was named Mound No. 7 during excavations.

Mound No. 7. The departure of trizna was accompanied by adding a layer of humusized soil up to 1 m thick on the eastern side of mound No. 5, in the place of excavation, which was used for the construction of the embankment; various memorial offerings were found in it. The height of mound No. 7 recorded at the time of excavation was 0.7 m above the level of the surrounding field, and its diameter was about 25-30 m. On the plowed surface there were some fragments of amphorae and stones. In the sections, the arable layer was traced, in it and below it along the edges of the embankment there were remnants of a stone shell destroyed by plowing, as well as continental loam from the level of 0.9 m from "0". The ancient horizon line is not marked. In the central part of the mound, the sections show an even depression in the mainland up to 0.5 - 0.6 m deep (Fig.

In the ground of the embankment, mainly in the central part, the remains of a trizna were found: bones and teeth of animals, fragments of nine amphorae (2 - 10); fragments of one chernolak bowl (11); a small fragment of the corolla of another thin-walled chernolak vessel of miniature size, which does not allow restoring the shape; fragments of a stucco jug (12); a bronze mirror (13); iron spring-loaded buckle (14); fragment of a stone touchstone (15); bronze cast pot (16); bronze horse plate headpiece (17). After the completion of the trizna, the mound was covered with a layer of small stones (15 m in diameter along the outer edge); its remains with a thickness of 1.5 - 2.0 m were preserved in the floors of the mound, and the central part of the shell was destroyed by regular plowing.

We will analyze the finds from the mounds.

Mound N 5.1. Fragments of the handle and corolla of a red clay amphora (Figs. 5, 11) in terms of size, morphology, and dough composition belong to amphorae that are reliably dated to the middle of the first and third quarters of the IV century BC (Monakhov and Kuznetsova, 2009, p.161). Another fragment represents an amphora from an unidentified center. The same almost complete amphora No. 5 was found in Kurgan. 5, 3). Similar amphorae, reliably dated by numerous brands to the end of the second quarter of the IV century BC, are presented at the trizna site near mound No. 32 near the town of Ordzhonikidze in the Dnipropetrovsk region (Polin, in print). Thus, according to these amphorae, kurg. N 5 can be dated ca. the second - the third quarter of the IV century BC, and with clarification on the complex of finds from the burial mounds. N 7 -approx. mid-IV century.

Mound No. 7. Contained a fairly extensive set of various things that allow you to accurately determine the date and cultural affiliation of the pa-

page 119

4. Plan (A) and stratigraphic sections (B) of Mound No. 7.

1-fragments of a bronze object; 2-a bronze plate horse's headpiece; 3 - a black - oak bowl; 4 - a stone touchstone; 5 - a bronze mirror; 6 - a bronze cauldron; 7-ceramics; 8-animal bones.

Fig. 5. Finds from the burial mounds. N 5 (77) and 7 (1-10, 12) near the village of Kremenevka. 1-9, 11 - fragments of red clay amphorae; 10-black-oak bowl; 12-stucco jug.

page 120
peppermint. In the report and thesis publications, the vessels found here were identified and dated very roughly, mostly completely incorrectly, sometimes with an error of up to the epoch. In fact, three amphorae from Heraclea (2-4), an amphora of the Solocha I type (5), two pseudo - Chersonese amphorae (6, 7), an amphora made in an unidentified center (8), an amphora of the Murigiol type (9), and three amphora handles from another unidentified center (10)were found in the mound.

2.Amphora No. 1 - Heraclea pythoid*. The shape of the vessel is restored from the found fragments by 90 %. The bottom and middle parts of the handles are missing, as well as part of the neck, on which the Heracleian amphorae were usually branded. The height of the restored part is 54 cm, the maximum diameter of the body is 35.5 cm, the diameter of the corolla is 9 cm, the height of the upper part from the maximum diameter to the cut-off of the corolla is 25 cm, the reconstructed total height is 66.5 cm. The amphora morphologically corresponds to type 1-3 or 1-4 or type I-A-3 of Heraclea pythoid amphorae according to XIU. 5, 2), which were made from the end of the 5th century BC to the 330s BC (Monakhov, 2003, p. 142, tab. 87, 2, 3, 8; 88, 5, 8; 89, 4; 92, 5]. Big Series similar amphorae with the brands AОГОOGO, EPIEEΔΩPO PHIΛIΣKOΣ, and PHIL [Σ] KO [Y] were found in the huge amphor complex of 340-330 BC among the remains of trizna near the Alexandropolsky mound (Lower Dnieper region) [Polin, 2010, p. 273, Figs. 3, 4-9].

3, 4. Amphorae N 2 and 3 are Heracleian, conical (Figs. 5, 7, 9). They are represented by a much smaller number of fragments. Individual fragments of the corolla, handles of characteristic length, rib parts of the body, cylindrical legs allow us to present only the general shape of the vessels without detailed characteristics. According to the developments of XU. Monakhova, conical amphorae belong to the type II of Heraclea amphorae, represented by several varieties. Vessels were made in the late 370s - the second quarter of the third century BC [Monakhov, 2003, pp. 134-139].

5. Amphora No. 4 - large pythoid, Solokha I type, with a developed mushroom-shaped crown. The bottom part and leg are missing. The amphora was restored to a height of 64 cm. The maximum diameter of the body is 44 cm, the diameter of the corolla is 15.5 cm. A large pythoid vessel with a height of at least 75 cm is reconstructed (Fig. 5, 1). The period of existence of such amphorae, which were made in many centers, is limited to the second and third quarters of the IV century BC [Ibid., pp. 102-104; Mozolevsky and Polin, 2005, pp. 324-327]. Amphora No. 4 has unusually thin for vessels of this size round handles with a diameter of 2 cm in cross-section, identical to the handles of the famous silver amphora of the same type from Chertomlyk (Piotrovsky, Galanina, Grach, 1986, fig. 266]. The resemblance to the famous amphora is enhanced by a deepened horizontal line at the base of the neck. If for a metal amphora 2-centimeter handles do not create problems for the normal use of the vessel, then for a ceramic product such handles are not acceptable, the amphora can be used mainly as a decorative one. Due to the small size of the base, the clay handle on the Kremenevskaya amphora No. 4 in the lower part is not stuck to the shoulder in the traditional way - with a wide finger indentation, but is pressed down with a nail, so this base, represented by a small fragment, looks forked. Kurgan researchers identified the handle as a double-barrelled one. Taking this characteristic into account, far-reaching conclusions were drawn both chronologically and culturally*.

6, 7. Amphorae N 6 and 7 - red clay, pseudo-Chersonese, are represented by fragments of a handle and a corolla, as well as a full-size handle with a fragment of a corolla and access to the body in the lower part. The neck of one vessel is being reconstructed. The corolla diameter is 11.7 cm, the handle height is 13 cm, and the handle width in cross-section is 3.6 cm (Figs. 5, 5, 6). According to the size, morphology and composition of the dough, these items belong to amphorae that were recently considered to be made in Panticapaea or belong to the early type of amphorae of Chersonesus, but are now defined as products of unidentified centers in the Propontis or Northern Aegeida and are reliably dated to the middle of the first and third quarters of the IV century BC (Monakhov and Kuznetsova, 2009, p. 161].

8. Amphora No. 5 from an unidentified center. It is similar to one of the amphorae found in mound No. 5. According to the available fragments, most of the vessel is restored from the heel to the lower part of the neck to a height of 57 cm with a maximum body diameter of 27 cm. The upper part of the neck and handle are missing. The total height of the vessel was approx. 65 cm (see Fig. 5,3). Six similar amphorae, among which there is also no complete sample, were found among the remains of a memorial trizna near mound No. 32 near Ordzhonikidze; they date from the end of the second quarter of the IV century BC [Polin, in print]. These are small amphorae with a narrow spindle-shaped body on a high thin cylindrical leg, with a slightly expanded

* Identified in the report as a Chersonese gray clay amphora with a brown angob.

* The" double-barrelled " handle is not a reason to categorize the amphora as Late Hellenistic or Early Roman. Double-barrelled handles appear on some amphorae in the Archaic period, but only in the late Hellenistic period they become widespread and become a temporary feature.

page 121
heel and with a slightly pronounced notch at the bottom. The amphora dough is light terracotta, with a large amount of fine sand and an abundance of mica spangles, as well as with individual small inclusions of crushed quartz and pyroxene. According to the profile, the legs of this vessel resemble the legs of some Peparet amphorae (see, for example, [Monakhov, 2003, Tables 69,1; 70, 2]), but the small size of the Kremenev amphorae, as well as their color, which is completely alien to Peparet products, and the composition of the test exclude even a remote connection.

9. Amphora No. 6 - Murigiol type. Fragments of one or possibly two amphorae of this type were found (there are three small fragments of walls of a different color). Fragments of the corolla and throat with characteristic two narrow thin decorative protrusions-rollers under the corolla are presented (see Figures 5, 4). S. Yu. Monakhov refers Murigiol amphorae to the products of an unidentified center of the Phasos circle and notes their morphological similarity with the Heraclea and Phasos containers of the IV century BC. In the Northern Black Sea region, they were known only in complexes of the first half of the IV century BC [Ibid., pp. 79-80, Tables 55, 4-8]. In 2004-2009, more than 30 Murigiol-type amphorae were found among the remains of trizna in the Alexandropol mound, dating no later than 340-330. [Polin, 2010, pp. 281-282, fig. 11, 1-5]. They are the latest among their own kind in the Northern Black Sea region and indicate the existence of Murigiol amphorae of the third quarter of the fourth century BC. unlike amphorae of the first half of the IV century BC, they are slightly larger in size and capacity, and also do not have roller-like protrusions under the corolla. The presence of such rollers under the crown on an amphora (or amphorae) of the Murigiol type from Kremenevka probably allows us to date the product within the first half of the IV century BC, no later than the middle of the century.

10. Amphora No. 7-products of another unidentified center. It is represented by three short handles 9 cm long, two of which have a characteristic lenticular profile, with a protruding rib along the entire length on one side, on the third handle this rib is not expressed at all. The dough is coarse, with inclusions of sand and pyroxene. It is difficult to determine the manufacturing center (see Figs. 5, 8). Handles similar to the two described ones are found on the large three-handed Phasos pythos from Tolstoy Mogila, and their ribs are made to strengthen the strength of the handles for normal use of such a large and heavy amphora (Mozolevsky, 1979, p.66, Fig. 51). Four three - handed amphorae were found in the Northern Black Sea region: in Tolstoy Mogila, at the Elizavetovsky settlement (Brashinsky, 1980, p. 33, Table XXIII, 10), and in Kurgan. N 66 near the village of Bobritsa (Bobrinsky, 1901, 129-130) and the Kurjips mound (Alekseev, 1987, pp. 30-31; Galanina, 1980, pp. 32, 117, N 140). All of them are products of various Greek centers that sporadically produced such amphorae during the fourth century BC (Mozolevsky and Polin, 2005, p. 363). If amphora No. 7 from Kremenevka is correctly classified as three-handed, then the collection of the latter was enriched by a unique find dating no later than the middle of the IV century BC, although nothing definite can be said about the center of manufacture, or about the shape and size of the amphora itself.

In general, a set of amphorae made of flint can be dated to about the middle of the IV century BC.

11. Fragments of an Attic chernolak bowl with a diameter of 19.4 cm and a height of 7.2 cm (see Figs. 5, 10). The varnish is of good quality. Inside, on the bottom, there is a stamped ornament of several palm trees (one has been preserved) arranged in a circle and surrounded by a wide ring of small notches. The lower surface of the bottom is covered with varnish. Similar bowls based on the materials of the Athenian Agora date from the first to the end of the third quarter of the IV century BC, mainly the third quarter (Sparkes and Talcott, 1970, N 826, 828, 832, 835 - 842]. Taking into account the temporary determination of the Kremenev amphora complex, a date no later than the middle of the century is preferable.

12. Large stucco jug*. The dough is dense, with an admixture of coarse sand and crushed quartz. The surface is well smoothed, sometimes flattened. The outer surface is reddish-brown, the color is uneven, the inner surface is black. The small number of preserved fragments allows only an approximate reconstruction of the upper part of the vessel from the corolla to the shoulder, which is a jug with a high cylindrical throat and wide sloping shoulders. There are still traces of fixing one handle. Perhaps there were two of them. Corolla diameter 11.5 cm, neck height approx. 14, body diameter 35-40 cm (see Figs. 5, 12). The closest analogs are stucco pitchers from the Dnieper-Don forest-steppe, dating from the V-IV centuries BC [Medvedev, 2006, p. 28, Fig. 3, 6; Pelyashenko and Grechko, 2011, Fig. 1, 10 - 13; 2, 9, 10].

13. Bronze mirror - cast, round, with a thickening at the edge. In the lower part, there are traces of fixing a wooden or bone handle with iron rivets, which was lost by the time the mirror was found. The disk has a diameter of 14.5 cm and a thickness of 0.12 cm (Fig. 6, 1). It belongs to one of the mass types of Scythian mirrors. According to T. M. Kuznetsova's data for 1980, 39 such mirrors with handles are known to have been lost (Group 6 of Class II), from comp.-

* Identified in the report as a red clay pottery jug.

page 122

Fig. 6. Finds from burial mounds. No. 7 near the village of Kremenevka.

1-bronze mirror; 2 - stone touchstone; 3 - iron spring buckle; 4-bronze cauldron.

lexa dated to the VI-and IV-III centuries BC [1987, p. 43]. Over the following decades, the number of such finds has increased significantly.

14. Spring-loaded iron rectangular buckle, deformed and broken. The short part of the frame is almost completely broken off and lost. Dimensions 3. 5x2. 5 cm (fig. 6, 3). Similar buckles on one of the short sides have a curved pointed or straight vertical spike with a mushroom-shaped cap at the end. Rectangular spring-loaded buckles were used in Scythia in the second and third quarters of the IV century BC.

15. An irregularly shaped touchstone fragment is made of sandstone. The dimensions are 9x3 cm (Fig. 6, 2). Shapeless, thickness, and dimensions indicate its use as an abrasive, in contrast to funerary touchstones, which apparently served as amulets (Gryaznov, 1961, p. 142; Alekseev, Murzin, and Rolle, 1991, p. 107-108).

16. A miniature bronze pot with a hemispherical smooth body and two vertical handles with three protrusions on top, on a high floor glass-shaped tray. The total height of the pot is 16.5 cm, the diameter is 17 cm (Fig. 6,4; 7). The pallet was attached to the body from below. Its outer edges are connected to the lower part of the body and riveted by hot metal on its surface (Fig. 7, 4). The metal was spilled through a technological hole in the lower part of the housing into the pallet, where it was riveted "crosswise". Thus, a reliable and absolutely rigid connection of the housing to the pallet was provided (Fig. 7, 2, 3). The poor quality of the pot is surprising. The metal itself retained abnormal porosity in some places (Fig. 7, 1). Probably, after manufacturing the product was not processed properly, the surface was not minted. There are holes in the walls - the result of under-filling of metal or the preservation of air bubbles (Fig. 7, 2). There are traces of careless repairs to eliminate this defect (see Fig. 6, 4). Judging by the splits of metal that were riveted from the inside of the patches, the holes were small, but the size of the riveted patches on the outside is several times larger than the internal ones.

Fig. 7. Bronze cauldron (details) from the mound. No. 7 near the village of Kremenevka.

page 123
Such miniature cauldrons are not often found in Scythia. There are only about 15 known pots that are close both in height (less than 30 cm) and in diameter. All of them were found in burial mounds of the 5th-4th centuries BC, mainly in the eastern half of Scythia, east of the Dnieper*. A similar shaped bowler hat with a smooth body and two vertical handles with one protrusion on top of similar dimensions (height 24.5 cm, diameter 22 cm) was found in mound No. 12 of the Ryasny Graves group near Shakhtarsk, Donetsk region. The find dates back to the fifth century BC (Kravets, 1993, p. 162, Fig. 2; Kosyanenko and Flerov, 1978, p. 201].

17. Of particular interest is found in the mound. No. 7 is a large bronze plate-shaped horse's headpiece of a very specific shape - with long concave sides and extended rounded ends at the bottom and top (Fig. 8). The headpiece, apparently, was bent along the long and transverse axes during the trip. At the same time, more than 1/3 of the upper part of the headpiece, as well as the corners of the lower end, were broken off and lost (or not found during excavations). Approximately in the middle, holes were made for attaching the loop that was on the reverse side, which also did not survive. Along the edges on all sides, the headpiece is decorated with two narrow strips of ornament made with point (needle) punches, between which runs a wider strip of two intersecting wavy lines. The dot pattern is applied on both sides: on the front - single lines, on the back - double lines. On the reverse side, there are also faint bulges in the ovals formed by the intersections of wavy lines. The length of the preserved part is 22.7 cm, the width in the middle is 9.2 cm. The reconstructed length is 36.7 cm, the width of the endings is 20-21 cm.

Kremenevsky headpiece refers to a series of large horse plate headpieces, represented by two types. In the Northern Black Sea region, similar headstones with the upper part in the form of a large circle (type I according to N. Y. Limberis and I. I. Marchenko) were found by robbers in a mound near Nikopol [Khanenko B. N., Khanenko V. N., 1907, Table III, N 417]. Previously, this complex was attributed to the VII-VI centuries. similar headstones seem to have been found in the Kelermes mounds (Murzin and Chernenko, 1980, p. 156). However, in the late XX - early XXI centuries, L. K. Galanina, N. Y. Limberis, and I. I. Marchenko established that the analogs do not belong to the Kelermess mounds, but to the materials of D. G. Schultz's excavations of the mounds near the Art. Novosvobodnoy (St. Tsarskaya) [Report... for 1904, 1907, pp. 129-130, fig. 236, 237; Mantsevich, 1958, pp. 459-462, fig. 1, 16; Galanina, 1997, p. 24-30; Limberis and Marchenko, 2005, pp. 165-166], among which were type I and type II headstones from burial sites in the Kuban region.* Type II headstones with a large round upper part (type I according to N. Y. Limberis and I. I. Marchenko) date back to the fourth century BC. According to N. Y. Limberis and I. I. Marchenko, similar objects to the Kremenev find were found in the Northern Caucasus in border No. 45 of the Khankal burial ground of the IV century BC (Vinogradov, 1972, p. 129) and outside of it.

* Small cauldrons were found in the Northern Black Sea region in Gaimanova Mogila [Bidzilya, p. 46], mound No. 13 near the village of Velikaya Znamenka [Otroshchenko et al., p. 16], mound No. 6 near the village of Kamennaya Balka [Grebennikov, 2008, pp. 46-47, 52, Fig. 13, 4], a mound near the Velsky settlement (Grinchenko, 1925, p. 17, Fig. on p. 10], border No. 9 of Kurgan. No. 1 near Kamenka-Dneprovskaya [Otroshchenko et al., p. 60a, Tables XX, 5; XXI, 5; Koczownicy, 1996, s. 171, 227, Ill. 19], Tolstoy Mogila [Mozolevsky, 1979, p. 66, cat. 124, Fig. 50], border No. 1 mound No. 19 near Kupyevakh village [Boyko and Berestnev, 2001, p. 12, Fig. 10, 2], mound near Tishki Village [Ilinskaya, 1968, p. 62,200, Table LV, 5], mound near Kryachkovka village [Sidorenko, 1964, p. 193, Fig. 4], mounds N 4 and 16 near the village of Durovka (Puzikova, 2001, p. 186, Fig. 20, 1), near the village of Koluzaevo (a random find) (Kosyanenko and Flerov, 1978, p. 194, 197, 202, Fig. 3, 4; Demidenko, 2008, p. 23, 112, cat. 146, fig. 11, 122], mound N 6 near the Vertyachy farm [Ibid., p. 17, 88, cat. 23, fig. 48, 1; 142], mound N 15 of the Zolotaya Balka burial ground [Kubyshev, Dorofeev, Polin, 1982, p. 176, Table 16].

In the literature, there is information with reference to V. I. Goshkevich about the discovery of a small bronze pot in a mound near the village of Velikaya Andrusovka [Petrenko, 1967, p. 25; Kovpanenko, Bessonova, Skoryj, 1989, p. 161, p. 310; Boyko, Berestnev, 2001, p. 12]. V. I. Goshkevich among the things found in the village of Velika Andrusovka In 1876, in this mound, called "yellow copper pot on a leg". As a result of several resales in 1890, the "pot" got into the Imperial Archaeological Commission (IAK). In the report on its receipt in the IAC, a drawing of the product in 1/4 of full size is given, according to which the height of the boiler should be 24 cm, the diameter 22 cm [Goshkevich, 1903, p. 7, Figures 17-24; Report... for 1890, 1893, p. 115, fig. 64; Report... for 1895, 1897, p. 80]. A. P. Mantsevich published her drawing of this boiler [1961, p. 149, note. 12], the scale on which indicates a significantly larger product size. As a result of the inspection, which at our request was conducted by A. Y. Alekseev, it turned out that the height of the boiler from Andrusovka (inv. N Dn 1890 2/1) is 45.5 cm, the diameter is approx. 33 cm. This is an absolutely full-fledged cauldron of medium size, the most common among the Scythians. There is no small "pot" from Andrusovka. We thank A. Y. Alekseev for kindly providing us with information.

* In 1994, a large bronze type I headpiece was discovered in a Late Scythian burial of the second century BC near the village of Chistenkoe in the Crimea; it was found together with a plate headpiece with a hook of the Late Scythian period (Zaitsev and Koltukhov, 2004, pp. 243-244, 247, 249, Fig. 5). According to A.V. Simonenko, the type I headstone was found in such a late burial 250 years after it was made [2001, p. 93; 2010, p. 198].

page 124

Fig. 8. Bronze horse headpiece from the burial mounds. No. 7 near the village of Kremenevka.

complex on the Prikubansky burial ground. According to the general date of the latter, the date of the Nalobniks is also within the IV century BC [Limberis and Marchenko, 2005, p. 166]. The discovery from Kremenevka confirms and clarifies the dating of V. B. Vinogradov, N. Y. Limberis, and I. I. Marchenko large lamellar type II headstones-ca. A peculiar version of the type II headpiece (silver, with straight bases and angular recesses on the sides) from the Central Tomb of Khomina's Grave is also dated to the middle - third quarter of the IV century BC (Mozolevsky, 1973, p. 220, Fig. 30; Mozolevsky and Polin, 2005, p. 390].

The range of type II headwaters includes not only the Northern Black Sea coast and the Caucasus. Such headstones were also found in the Southern Trans-Urals; these finds were erroneously attributed to the Archaic period based on outdated dates [Tairov, 2004, p. 3, Figures 6, 54, 55; Limberis and Marchenko, 2005, p. 163]. Silver type II headpieces were recorded as part of horse equipment in Thrace in mounds near the villages of Rozovets (Rakhmanli) and Panagyurishche, dating back to the second half of the IV century BC (Ancient Gold..., 1998, p. 172). Initially, they were interpreted as the handles of large Greek shields [Ognenova, 1952, pp. 61-63, sample 17, 19; Mantsevich, 1958, p. 462], but later they were legitimately recognized as horse head guards [Murzin and Chernenko, 1980, p.158]. The extensive geography of finds of type II headstones-from the Southern Trans-Urals to Thrace-with a fairly narrow dating is simply amazing.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the construction of the mound. No. 5 near the village of Kremenevka is unique for Black Sea Scythia. It has some similarity only with the design of the primary mound of the mound near the village of Dudchany on the lower Dnieper, studied by CH. In 1981, Evdokimov built a mound of sod 1.8 m high, 12 m in diameter and covered with a stone dome 1-2 m thick with a flat top and steep side walls, made of limestone slabs, over the primary burial mound in the mound. The dome reached a height of 3 m and a diameter of 15 m (Fridman, 1987, p. 159, Fig. 2). There are no other similar structures in Black Sea Scythia. The creation of stone platforms that formed the core of the mound was quite widely practiced in the east, in the depths of Central Asia, for example, in Tuva, where the famous Arzhan-1 and -2, as well as small mounds of this type were studied [Gryaznov, 1980, p. 9; Grach, 1980, p. 29-30; Cugunov, Parzinger, Nagler, 2010, pp. 15-17, Abb. 18-22].

Fig. 9. Mound profile. No. 5 and No. 7 near the village of Kremenevka. Reconstruction.

page 125
Kurg materials. N 7 in Kremenevka represent the Scythian triznu, which was held near the mounds. 9), and significantly complement the series of still poorly studied remains of triznae that passed near Scythian mounds (Gaimanova, Zheltokamenskaya, Tolstaya, Babina, Vodyanaya, Dvugorbaya, Chmyreva and Ploskaya mogila, etc.) [Olkhovsky, 1991, p. 131; Boltrik and Savovsky, 1991, p. 98, 103 4, 1-19; Brown, 1906, p. 114, figs. 70, 72; Boltrik and Fialko, 1996; Mozolevsky and Polin, 2005, p. 287; Polin, 2009, p. 138; 2011, p. 213-214]). The object with traces of trizna was fully investigated only near the Alexandropolsky mound [Polin and Daragan, p. 2008, p. 152-155; 2010, p. 194-197, Fig. 6; Polin, 2010, pp. 267-270, Fig. 1, 2]. According to the materials of mound No. 7, after the completion of the trizna, its traces were covered with a layer of stones. This is similar to the Alexandropolsky mound: here, after the end of the rite, a circular near-burial mound with a height of approx. 1 m was built around the remains of the trizna.

The Kremenevsky complex is also of great interest because it complements the still small and poorly studied group of monuments on the eastern outskirts of Scythia, between the Molochnaya and Don rivers. This group includes Berdyansk mound, Perederieva and Dvugorb graves, mounds near Nogaisk and near the village of Vladimirovka (Northern Black Sea region), studied by N. I. Veselovsky, mounds near Shevchenko farm, etc., as well as necropolises on Beglitskaya Spit near Taganrog and on Elizavetovsky hillfort* on the lower Don [Brashinsky, 1980; Prokhorova, 1997; Yatsenko, 1958; Chernenko, 1970; Privalova, Zarayskaya, Privalov, 1982; Moruzhenko, 1992; Zarayskaya, 1992; Zarayskaya, Privalov, 1992; Boltrik, Fialko, Cherednichenko, 1994; Murzsh, Fialko, 1998a, b; Polsh, Kovalov and Cheredshchenko, 2000; Boltrik, Treister, and Fialko, 2009]. In general, this region remains the least studied in the entire Black Sea region of Scythia [Chernenko et al., 1986, pp. 55-56], and the appearance of each new publication of Scythian materials from it is very important.

List of literature

Notes on the chronology of Scythian steppe antiquities of the IV century BC / / SA. - 1987. - N 3. - pp. 28-39.

Alekseev A. Yu., Murzin V. Yu., Rolle R. Chertomlyk. Scythian royal mound of the IV century BC-Kiev: Nauk. dumka. 1991. - 411 p.

Bidzilya V. I. Report on the work of the North Korogachik expedition to the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR for 1969-1970. Excavations of Gaiman's Grave / / NA NA NASU F N 1969-70/37.

Bobrinsky A. A. Barrows and random archaeological finds near the town of Smely. - SPb., 1901. - Vol. 3. -180 p.

Boyko Yu. N., Berestnev S. I. Burials of the 7th-4th centuries BC kurgan burial ground near the village of Kupyevakha (Vorskla region of Scythian time). Kharkiv: RA-Karavella Publ., 2001, 144 p. (in Russian)

Болтрик Ю. И. Культові споруди степової Сюфії // МАГІСТЕРІУМ. Археологічні студії. Kiev, 2007, No. 27, pp. 47-57.

Boltrik Yu. V., Savovsky I. P. Kurgan Ploskaya Mogila [The Flat Grave Mound]. - Kiev: Nauk. dumka Publ., 1991, pp. 98-107.

Болтрик Ю. В., Трейстер М. Ю., Фіалко О.Є. Імпортний бронзовий посуд зi Східної могили Бердянського кургану // Археологія. - 2009. - N 1. - p. 40-51.

Болтрик Ю. В., Фіалко О. Є. Повернення до Чмиревої Могили // Музейні читання: тези доповідей наукової конференції Музею історичних коштовностей України. Грудень 1994 р. - Київ: Друк. GPK PK, 1996. - p. 30-32.

Boltrik Yu. V., Fialko E. E., Cherednichenko N. N. Berdyansk kurgan / / RA. - 1994. - N 3. - pp. 140-156.

Bratchenko S. N., Krotova A. A., Shvetsov M. L., Gershkovich Ya. P., Constantinescu L. F., Smirnov A.M., Samoylenko V. G., Shkarban A. S. Report on the research of the Donetsk expedition in 1977 (mounds near the village of Kremenevka and Volonterovka near Zhdanov (Mariupol) and near the village of Barannikovka, Belovodsky district, Voroshilovgrad oblast). (Lugansk) region / / NA NA NAS Ukrainy. F. N 1977/12.

Brown F. Report on excavations in the Tauride province / / Izv. Imp. Archeol. commissions. - 1906. - N 19. - p. 81-116.

Brashinsky I. B. Greek ceramic import on the Lower Don. - L.: Nauka, 1980. - 268 p.

Vinogradov V. B. Central and North-Eastern Caucasus in Scythian times. - Grozny: Chechen-Ing. kn. izd-vo, 1972. -388 p.

Galanina L. K. Kurdzhipsky kurgan. Monument of culture of the Prikubansk tribes of the IV century BC-L.: Iskusstvo, 1980. -128 p.

Galanina L. K. Kelermes mounds. "Royal" burials of the Early Scythian era-Moscow: Publishing House of IA RAS, 1997. - 269 p. - (Steppe peoples of Eurasia; vol. 1).

Goshkevich V. I. Treasures and antiquities of the Kherson province. - Kherson: [Type of "The South" (V. I. Goshkevich)], 1903. -176 p., II, XX tables.

Grach A.D. Ancient nomads in the center of Asia, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1980, 256 p.
Grebennikov Yu. S. Cimmerians and Scythians of the Steppe Pobuzhya (IX-III centuries BC). Nikolaev: Ilion, 2008. 191 p.

Гринченко В. Зі старої культури // Знания. - 1925. - N2 / 3. - pp. 10-11.

Gryaznoye, M. P., So-called touchstones of the Scythian-Sarmatian time, Issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, Leningrad: Izd-vo Leningr. State University, 1961, pp. 139-144.

Gryaznoe M. P. Arzhan. Tsarsky Kurgan of the Early Scythian period, Nauka Publ., 1980, 62 p. (in Russian)

Demidenko S. V. Bronze cauldrons of ancient tribes of the Lower Volga region and the Southern Urals (V century BC-III century AD). - Moscow: URSS, 2008. - 225 p.

Zaitsev Yu. A., Koltukhov S. G. Burial of a Hellenistic warrior near the village of Chistenkoe in the foothill

* The history of the study of the necropolis at the Elizavetovsky settlement dates back 100 years, but the monument remains little known.

page 126
Bosporan studies. Simferopol, 2004, Issue VII, pp. 242-259.

Zarayskaya N. P. Burial of the Early Iron Age on the Krynka River // Donets. archeol. collection-Donetsk, 1992. - Issue 1. - pp. 89-98.

Zarayskaya N. E., Privalov A. I. Scythian monuments of the Shevchenko burial ground // Donets. archeol. collection-Donetsk, 1992. - Issue 2. - pp. 118-159.

Ilinskaya V. A. Scythians of the Dnieper forest-steppe left bank (Posulya mounds). - Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1968. - 203s., LXIII tab.

Kovpanenko G. T., Bessonova S. S., Skoryi S. A. Monuments of the Scythian epoch of the Dnieper forest-steppe Right bank. - Kiev: Nauk. dumka Publ., 1989, 336 p. (in Russian)

Kosyanenko V. M., Flerov V. S. Bronzovye litye kotly Nizhni Podon'ya (k voprosu o tipologii i khronologii) [Bronze cast boilers of the Lower Don region (on the issue of typology and chronology)]. - N 1. - p. 192-205.

Kravets D. P. Scythian sanctuary on the Krynka River // Donets. Archeol. collection, 1993, issue 3, pp. 162-167.

Kubyshev A. I., Dorofeev V. V., Polin S. V. Report on the work of the Kherson Archaeological expedition in 1982. N 1982/4.

Kuznetsova T. M. Mirrors from Scythian monuments VI-III bb. B.C. / / SA. - 1987. - N 1. - pp. 35-47.

Limberis N. Yu., Marchenko I. I. Lamellar head caps from the Kuban region // The fourth is Kuban. archeol. conf.: tez. Krasnodar, 2005, pp. 162-167.

Mantsevich A. P. Bronzovye plastki iz Prikubanya [Bronze plates from the Kuban region]. Димитър Дечев по случай 80-годинишнината му. Sofia: Publishing house on Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1958, pp. 459-468.

Mantsevich A. P. Bronzovye kotly v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazhya (Kotel iz kurgana Solokha) [Bronze cauldrons in the collection of the State Hermitage Museum (Cauldron from the Solokha Mound)]. Issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR: Izd. Leningr. gosudarstvennogo un - ta, 1961, pp. 145-150.

Medvedev A. P. O novom aspekte problemy budinov i melanchlenov (v svete poslednih publikatsii mogilnikov skifskogo vremeni na Severskom Donets) [On a new aspect of the problem of the Budins and Melanchlenes (in the light of recent publications of burial grounds of the Scythian period on the Seversky Donets]. - Poltava, 2006. - N 1. - p. 21-33.

Mozolevsky B. N. Scythian burials near the village of Nagornoye near the town of Ordzhonikidze in the Dnipropetrovsk region. - Kiev: Nauk. dumka Publ., 1973, pp. 187-234.

Мозолевський Б. М. Товста Могила. -Київ: Наук. dumka, 1979. -248 p.

Mozolevsky B. N., Polin S. V. Kurgans of the Scythian Herros of the IV century BC (Babin, Vodyan and Sobolev graves). Kiev: Stilos Publ., 2005, 599 p. (in Russian)

Greek amphorae in the Black Sea region. Typology of amphorae of leading centers-exporters of goods in ceramic containers: catalog-determinant. - Moscow: Saratov: Kimmerida, 2003. - 352 p.

Monakhov S. Yu., Kuznetsova E. V. Ob odnoi serii amphora neustanovlennogo doriyskogo tsentra IV veka B.C. (byvshie "Bosporan" or "rannehersonesskiye") [On a series of amphorae of the unidentified Dorian center of the IV century BC (former "Bosporan" or "Early Chersonese")]. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya v basseine Chernogo morya v scytho-antique i khazar vremya. Rostov-on-Don Media-polis Publ., 2009, pp. 148-161.

Моруженко А. А. Сюфський курган Передерієва Могила // Археологія. - 1992. - N 4. - p. 67-75.

Фіалко О.Є. Мурзін В. Ю., Архітектура Бердянського кургану // Археологія. - 1998a. - N 2. - p. 82-92.

В. Ю., Фіалко О. Є. Мурзін Зброя з Бердянського кургану //Археолоія. - 1998b. - N 3. - p. 103-112.

Murzin V. Yu., Chernenko E. V. O sredstvakh zashchity boevogo konya v skifskoe vremya [On the means of protecting a war horse in Scythian times]. - Kiev: Nauk. dumka Publ., 1980, pp. 155-168.

Ognenova L. Opit za rekonstruktsiya na dva shita ot Trakii [Opit for reconstruction on two shields from Trakii]. Sofia, 1952, vol. XVIII, pp. 61-80.

Olkhovsky V. S. Pogrebal'no-pominalnaya obryadnost ' naseleniya stepnoy Scifii (VII-III vv. B.C.) [Funeral rites of the population of steppe Scythia (VII-III vv. B.C.)]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1991, 254 p., Table XXIV

Report of the Imperial Archaeological Commission for 1890-St. Petersburg: [Tip. Gl. upr. udlov], 1893. - 186 p.

Report of the Imperial Archaeological Commission for 1895-St. Petersburg: [Tip. Gl. upr. udlov], 1897. - 201 p.

Report of the Imperial Archaeological Commission for 1904-St. Petersburg: [Tip. Gl. upr. udlov], 1907. - 185 p.

Otroshchenko V. V., Rassamakin Yu. Ya., Constantinescu L. F., Nor E. V., Poklyatsky O. V., Savovsky I. P. Report on the work of the Zaporozhye expedition in 1984.

Pelyashenko K. Yu., Grechko D. S. Stucco pitchers of the Dnieper-Don forest-steppe / / RA. -2011. - N 1. - pp. 68-80.

Petrenko V. G. Pravoberezhye Srednego Pridneprovya v V-III vv. B.C. [The right bank of the Middle Dnieper region in the V-III centuries BC]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1967, 104 p. (SAP, D 1-4).

Полин С. В. Датировка Гаймановой Могилы // Матеріали конференції "Проблеми скіфо-сарматської археології Північного Причорномор'я" (до 110-річчя з дня народження Б. М. Гракова) // Старожитности степового Причорномор'я i Криму. - Запоріжжя, 2009. - Т. XV - С. 136 - 141.

Polin S. V. Amfory Aleksandropolskogo kurgana (po materialam raskopok 2004 - 2009 gg.) [Amphorae of the Alexandropol burial Mound (based on the materials of excavations in 2004-2009)]. - 2010. - Vol. 14. - p. 262-307.

Polin S. V. K istorii razvitiya metodiki raskopok bol'shikh scifskikh kurganov [On the history of the development of methods of excavation of large Scythian mounds]. Greek and Barbarian monuments of the Northern Black Sea region, Moscow: Grif & K, 2011, pp. 206-222.

Polin S. V. Amphorae and brands from mound No. 32 near Ordzhonikidze and some issues of amphora chronology (in press).

Polin S., Daragan M. Problemy datirovki skifskogo tsarskogo kurgana Aleksandropol ' (sezon 2006 g.) [Problems of dating the Scythian royal burial mound Alexandropol (2006 season)]. Revista Arheologica. N 1. -2008. - [Vol.] IV, 2. - S. 146 - 163.

Polin S. V., Daragan M. N. Works on the Alexandropolsky kurgan in 2008 / / ΣYMBOΛA. The ancient world of the Northern Black Sea region. Newest Finds and Discoveries, 2010, issue 1, pp. 191-209.

Polin S. V., Karnaukh E. G. Scythian sanctuaries of the IV century BC near the village of Kremenevka in the North-Eastern Azov region / / Problems of History and Archeology of Ukraine: proceedings of the VII International Scientific Conference October 28-29, 2010-Kharkiv, 2010. - p. 33.

Полін С. В., Ковальов М. В., Чередніченко М. М. Про датування Бердянського кургану (за керамічними матеріалами) // Археологія - 2000. - N 1. - С. 94 - 112.

Privalova O. Ya., Zaraiskaya N. P., Privalov A. P. Dvugorbaya Mogila [Two-Humped Grave] // Antiquities of steppe Scythia. - Kiev: Nauk. dumka Publ., 1982, pp. 148-178.

Prokhorova T. A. Necropolis on the Beglitskaya spit / / Taganrog. Taganrog: B. I., 1997, pp. 18-32.

page 127
Puzikova A. I. Kurgannye mogilniki skifskogo vremeni Srednego Podonya [Burial mounds of the Scythian period in the Middle Don region]. Moscow: Indrik, 2001, 272 p.

Sidorenko G. O. Syufsky kurgan on the Uday River. 1964, vol. XVI, pp. 191-194.

Simonenko A.V. Burial near the village of Chistenkoe and "strange" complexes of the last centuries BC. Archeol. Collection-Volgograd, 2001, issue 4, pp. 92-106.

Tairov A.D. Periodization of monuments of early nomads of the Southern Trans-Urals of the 7th-2nd centuries / / Sarmatian cultures of Eurasia: problems of regional chronology: dokl. to the 5th International Conference "Problems of Sarmatian archeology and History". Krasnodar, 2004, pp. 3-21.

Fridman M. I. Scythian mounds near the village of Dudchany in the Kherson region / / Ancient cattle breeders of the steppes of the South of Ukraine. - Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1987, pp. 159-170.

Khanenko B. N., Khanenko V. N. Antiquities of the Dnieper region. - Kiev, 1907. - Issue VI. - 11 s, Table III.

Черненко Є.В. Скіфські кургани V ст. до н.е. поблизу м. Жданова//An archaeologist. 1970, vol. 23, pp. 176-181.

Chernenko E. V., Bessonova S. S., Boltrik Yu. V., Polin S. V., Skoryy S. A., Bokiy N. M., Grebennikov Yu. S. Scythian funeral monuments of the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region. - Kiev: Nauk. dumka Publ., 1986, 367 p. (in Russian)

Shepko L. G. Scythian monuments of the North-Eastern Azov region / / Problems of history and archeology of Ukraine: tez. dokl. conf. October 21-23, 1999-Kharkiv, 1999. - pp. 33-34.

Shepko L. G. Kul'tovye skifo-sarmaticheskie kompleksy [Cult Scythian-Sarmatian complexes]. - Donetsk: Donets National Academy of Sciences. un-t Publ., 2000, pp. 101-102.

Shepko L., Shvetsov M. Scythian-Sarmatian complexes in the Kalki River basin in the Azov region. Problemy arkheologii Yugo-Vostochnoy Evropy [Problems of Archeology of South-Eastern Europe]. November 22-26, 1998: tez. dokl. VII Don. archeol. conf. Rostov-on-Don, 1998, pp. 117-119.

Yatsenko I. V. Scythian burials near Nogaisk / / VDI. -1958. - N1. - pp. 157-165.

Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians. Treasures from the Republic of Bulgaria. - N.Y.: Harry N. Abrams Inc. Publischers, 1998. -255 p.

Cugunov K. V., Parzinger H., Nagler A. Der skythenzeitlische Furstenkurgan Arzan 2 in Tuva. Archaologie in Eurasien 26. Steppenvolker Eurasiens 3. -Mainz am/Rh.: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2010. - 330 S., 153 Taf.

Koczownicy Ukrainy: Katalog wystawy. -Katowice: Drukarnia Archidiecezialna w Katowicach, 1996. -243 s.

Piotrovsky B., Galanina L., Grach N. Scythian Art. The Legacy of the Scythian World: mid-7th to 3th century B.C.Leningrad: Aurora Art Publishers, 1986. - 183 p.

Sparkes B. A., Talcott L. Black and plain pottery of the 6-th, 5-th and 4-th centuries B.C. - Princeton, New Jersey: J.J. Augustin, Gluckstadt, 1970. - 472 p. - (The Athenian Agora; vol. XII, pt. I/II).

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 09.02.12, in the final version-on 15.03.12.

page 128

Permanent link to this publication: