The article analyzes the Golden Horde numismatic materials from excavations in 1925 in the Old Crimea - Solkhat, preserved in the archive fund of I. N. Borozdin (1883-1959) of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Keywords: Crimean medieval numismatics, Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate, archeology.

CRIMEAN MEDIEVAL NUMISMATICS IN THE ARCHIVE OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (ILYA BOROZDIN BACKLOG)

Eugeny GONCHAROV, Ilya ZAITSEV

The paper describes coins from the excavations in Solkhate (Staryi Krym, Old Crimea) which were carried out by Ilya N. Borozdin (1883-1959) in 1925. The data on these coins and Borozdin s excavations are held in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Keywords: Medieval Numismatics, Crimea, the Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate, Archaeology.

The Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the fund of the historian, orientalist and archaeologist Ilya Nikolaevich Borozdin (1883-1959)1 contains unique materials related to the history of Russian Oriental studies, the study of Islam in Russia, and the history of archeology of the medieval Crimea 2. Despite the fact that the foundation of the scientist is in the process of scientific processing, its materials have already become the subject of several scientific publications. An unknown review by V. V. Barthold on the book "Fundamentals of Sharia" by Musa Bigiev [Zaitsev, 2013, p. 161-165], correspondence between I. N. Borozdin and V. V. Barthold [Zaitsev, 2013(1), p. 58-63; Selivanova, 2014, p. 66-69], as well as a photo of the tombstone of Ahmad B. Mahmud Barjinlygi were published Discovered by A. P. Bashkirov and U. A. Bodaninsky in 1924 in an Eski Yurt near Bakhchisarai [Goncharov and Zaitsev, 2014, pp. 24-27; Zaitsev and Goncharov, 2014, pp. 176-180].

In this article, we would like to refer to numismatic materials from the Old Crimea-Solkhat, preserved in the archive fund of the scientist. In July-August 1925, an archaeological expedition of the Krymsovnarkom, Krymtsik and the Scientific Association of Oriental Studies of the USSR under the leadership of I. N. Borozdin carried out work in the Old Crimea. In addition to I. N. Borozdin, who was appointed head of the expedition, the scientific secretary of the Central Commission for the Study of Tatar Culture at the Association of Oriental Studies, Prof. A. S. Bashkirov, Director of the Bakhchisarai Museum, Usein Bodaninsky, curator of the Central Museum of Taurida, Prof. P. I. Hollandsky, lecturer at Simferopol University Osman Akchokrakly, artist K. F. Bogaevsky, who made a number of works. colorful sketches,

Evgeny GONCHAROV is a researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Eugeny GONCHAROV - (scientific fellow) Institute of Oriental Studies of the RAS.

ZAITSEV Ilya Vladimirovich-Doctor of Historical Sciences, Director of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leading Researcher of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, e-mail: ilyaaugust@ya.ru.

Ilya ZAYTSEV - Doctor of History, Director, Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Oriental Studies of the RAS (leading research fellow).

1 For more information about I. N. Borozdin, see [Borozdina, 2000].

2 Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, f. 1281.

page 112
Mukhtar Khayretdinov, engineers-surveyors Zdzehovsky and Modin, post-graduate students of universities Abdurakhmanov, Bilal and Davidovich [Borozdin, 1926, p. 15].

I. N. Borozdin wrote the following about numismatic finds:: "A lot of coins, silver and copper, were found and collected. This is not surprising, since in the Oldest Crimea a coin was minted. Among the mass of coins of the XIV and XV centuries, there are coins of the last decade of the XIII century (1291 and 1295). Unfortunately, many of the coins have come down in poor condition, worn out, grounded; it is often impossible to make out the legend." "Coin inventory and epigraphic monuments discovered by the expedition in the Old Crimea-continues I. N. Borozdin-were examined by Osman Akchokrakly" [Borozdin, 1926, p. 17].

I. N. Borozdin planned to publish a detailed scientific description of the excavation results in a special edition of "Antiquities of Solkhat" in Russian and Tatar [Borozdin, 1926, p. 31]. However, this plan was not destined to be realized. In February 1935, Borozdin was arrested and charged with participating in a counter-revolutionary nationalist group. In September 1935, he was exiled to Alma-Ata for 3 years. In November 1937, I. N. Borozdin received a second term. He was released only in 1943. More tragic was the fate of O. Akchokrakly, who was arrested on the same charge - he was shot in 1938.

Numismatic material in the papers of I. N. Borozdin dates back to August 1925 and is divided into three parts. This is the recording of excavation materials, as well as coins purchased or collected from local residents. The descriptions do not belong to Ilya Nikolaevich Borozdin, but to Osman Akchokrakly, about which an entry is made at the end of one of the parts.: "Analyzed, copied and translated by expedition member O. Akchokrakly". This sheet is shown in Figure 1.

1. Description of 14 coins without specifying the place and time of purchase (turnover sheet).

2. Description of silver coins, entitled: "Coins purchased from the imam of the mosque of the time of the Uzbek in the Old Crimea Ahmed son Abdul-Kerim in 1925 23 / VIII scientific expedition to study the history and culture of the Tatars" (two sheets with turns).

3. Student's notebook ("Zshitok" with a portrait of Leo Tolstoy and the inscription on top in blue ink "Solkhat coins", apparently by the hand of I. N. Borozdin). The notebook summarizes: "Coins found by the population in the city of Old Crimea (Solkhat)" (4 sheets); coins purchased from a resident of Solkhat P. G. Apazov (1 sheet); "Coins found during excavations at the site of Karavan Seraya settlement in Es. - Kr. 19-20, 21, 22. VIII. 1925" (2 sheets).

I. N. Borozdin mentioned coins from the excavations of the Caravanserai in his book of 1926: "Along with ceramics, a significant number of coins of different chronological dates were found. The first layer gave the Russian polushka of 1736 and the Shagin-Gerai coin minted in Bakhchisarai; the second and, especially, the third layer gave the Uzbek coins, coins of the XIV century, minted in St. Crimea, and a number of copper coins with an obscure legend due to their poor preservation. These coins are supposed to be specially cleaned" (Borozdin, 1926, p. 20).

The author of the definitions described the coins without using the well-known catalogues of Jochid coins - H. M. Fren, P. S. Savelyev and others. Some undefined coins are listed in them. From this we can conclude that the identification of numismatic finds and acquisitions took place in the field. Some of the legends are written in Arabic. The drawings are quite accurate, and most of the unidentified Akchokrakly Island coins are recognized by them confidently. Since we have at our disposal materials from the numismatic collection of the Bakhchisarai Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve 3, we were able to identify some specimens from the finds of 1925-1926 using drawings. Several of them are shown in Figure 2.

3 The authors are grateful to O. N. Alpashkina, Chief curator of the BIKAMZ, for providing these materials.

page 113

Fig. 1. Sheet signed by O. Akchokrakly.

page 114

2. Coins from the finds of the 1925 expedition in the Old Crimea.

Below are the definitions of coins made both by Osman Akcokrakli and those that remained unidentified. Our definitions and clarifications are given in italics. Descriptions are made according to a single scheme that meets the purpose of the article. Since this work is intended mainly for specialists in numismatics of the Jochids and Gireis, we omitted references to publications of well-known coins, which are easily identified by the short descriptions given. However, these references are only given for types of coins whose exact identification may be difficult. The breakdown of descriptions by page of the parts mentioned above is observed. For example, cipher 3.2 denotes part 3, page 2, or sheet 2.

Coins from the diary

Figure 1.1. 3

Silver coins

1. Dang khan of Uzbekistan, minted in Crimea, type 713 AD.

page 115
2. Dang khan Uzbek, minted in Crimea, type 720 gh.

3. Akche Haji Gireya, minter of the Crimea, 858 AD.

4. Akche Mengli I Gireya (871-879/1466-1474; 880/1475; 883-920/1478-1514), minted in Crimea, the year is unclear according to the drawing.

5. Akche Haji Gireya or Nur-davlet Gireya (871/1466; 879-880/1474-1475; 881-883/1476-1478), there is no output data.

Copper coins

6.1. Shokhin Giray (1191-1198 / 1777-1783). Coinage of Bakhchisaray, the year of its rule is not determined. The coin is very small in diameter, and a number of details necessary for accurate identification are missing from the drawing. It is most likely that this is kara-beshlyk 4 [Retowski, 1905, p. 280, 281, N 52-58, Taf. XIX].

6.2. Shahin Giray (1191-1198 / 1777-1783). Judging by the width of the rulers of the notebook sheet, the diameter of the coin corresponds to the face value of "penny". The variety is not precisely determined by the drawing, a group of similar coins is published in: [Retowski, 1905, pp. 299-303, N 130-151, Taf. XXIII and XXIV].

7. Pool of the Saray al-Jedid coinage, 790 and 791 AD [Klokov and Lebedev, pp. 30-32, 104, fig. 29].

8. Mangir of Mehmed I Celebi (806-816 / 1403-1413), Ottomans. Without specifying the output data [Kabaklarh, 1998, p. 96, 05B-X-14; Krivenko, Goncharov, p. 77, N 101-103].

1.2

9. Pool of Khan Uzbek, coinage of the Crimea, 725 g. kh. [Lebedev, 2000, p. 16, M48].

10. Probably a pool of the "Crimea Pool / left-handed Lion with a dragon's head at the end of its tail" type. The end of the XIV century. 3 pieces [Lebedev, 2000, p. 26, M53].

11. Fels of the Seljuk Ruma. You can't tell more precisely from the drawing.

12. Probably the time pool of Khan Janibek: "Minting of the Crimea in the year 744" / Stylized double-headed bird. 3 pcs.

13. [The picture shows one side with the image of a predator going to the right]. Not defined. 2 pcs.

14. Pool 1270-1290-ies., minted in the Crimea, on the other side a large image of the sun with a face. 2 pcs. [Lebedev, 2000, p. 14, M32]. Fig. 1.1 5.

2.1

Coins purchased from the imam of the Uzbek mosque in the Old Crimea, Ahmed son Abdul-Kerim, in 192523 / VII scientific expedition to study the history and culture of the Tatars.

Silver coins

* Khan Timur-kutlug, minted Ulus of al-Jedidah, type 800-01 AD.

* Khan Janibek, minter of the Sarai of al-Jedid, 746 AD (1345-1346).

* Khan Toktamysh, chekan Beled.

* Khan Pulad, minted by Haji Tarkhan. Without a year.

* Khan Timur-kutlug, chekan Beled Crimea, [7]96 AD.

* Khan Timur-kutlug, minted Beled Crimea, 891=798 AD.

2.2

* Khan Shadi-bik, minted by Kafy al-Jedid, year?

* Khan Shadi-bik, minted by Kafy al-Jedid, 807 AD.

* Khan Giyas ad-Din Muhammad Khan, minted by the Horde, type 772 AH.

* Khan Shadi-bik, minted Urdu, a type with a Creed. The year is not visible.

* Dang khana Pulada ...

4 We thank V. A. Kravtsov and V. Sariov for their help in identifying such an uninformative fragment of the coin.

5 The picture shows a coin from the BICAMZ collection (KP 9128-5597), similar to the one shown in the drawing in the diary.

page 116
* Khan Giyas ad-Din Muhammad Khan, minted by the Horde, type 773 AH.

* Jooch...

* Khan Shadi-bik, minted by the Al-Jedid Horde, 807 AD.

2.3

* Khan Haji-Giray, minter of the Crimea, ... 71

* Jooch...

* Khan Shadi-bik, minted by Kafy al-Jedid, 807 AD.

* One side is erased, on the other the Symbol of Faith. Apparently, like the following.

* Khan Uzbek, minted in the Crimea, type 720s with the Symbol of Faith.

* Strange coin. It is not detected from the drawing.

* Khan Shadi-bik, minted by Kafy al-Jedid, 806 AD.

* Akche Gireev?

* Khan Uzbek, minted in the Crimea, type 720s with the Symbol of Faith.

* Khan Giyas ad-Din Muhammad Khan, minted by the Horde, type 777 AH.

Figure 2.4. 2

* Toktamysh, chekan of the Crimea, 791 g. kh. [Lebedev, 2000, p. 15, P39a].

* Hadji Giray, minter of the Crimea, 871 AD.

* Hadji Giray, minter of the Crimea, 871 AD.

* The same.

* Dang khan Abdallah, chekan Shehr Abd., [Khromov, 2013].

* Muhammad Giray (1514-1523), minter of the Crimea. The year is not visible. Copper coins.

* Mangir of the Turkish beylik Jandar (Isfendiar). Isfendiar Bey (795-843 / 1385-1440). [Krivenko and Goncharov, 2015, p. 73, N 58].

* Coinage pool " beled Krym al-Jedid, 79 A.D. The date is indicated by two digits. [Lebedev, 2000, p. 26, M54].

* Mehmed's Mangir 11 (probably 2nd reign 855-886 / 1451-1481), Ottomans. There is no output data. A similar coin type (Kabaklarh, 1998, p. 150, 07-Ams-37).

Analyzed, copied and translated by expedition member O. Akchokrakly.

3.1.1

Coins found by the population in the city of Old Crimea (Solkhat).

3 silver coins.

* Khan Uzbek, minted in the Crimea, type 720s with the Symbol of Faith.

* Khan Tokta, minted coin of the Crimea, 690 AD [Lebedev, 2000, p. 6, P9b]

* Same, year 69 ... updated date 690 AD [Lebedev, 2000, p. 6, P10].

3.1.2

The coins are copper.

* Mangir Emir-Suleiman (805-813 / 1402-1413), Ottomans. Bez M. D., 806 / 1403 [Kabaklarh, 1998, p. 87, 05-X-05-08].

* Pool of Khan Kildibek, minted by Azak, 763 AD. Variety with an error in the date-723 g. Fig. 1.2 6.

* Pool of Khan Khizr, minted by Saray al-Jadid, 762 AD Fig. 1.3 7.

3.1.3

* Anonymous pool, without specifying the place and date of minting. Legend on Kufi "Kingdom to God", on the reverse side there is an ornamental motif in a square cartouche. Probably, the coinage of the Crimea in the second half of the XIV century. [Klokov, Lebedev, p. 116, 137/15, fig. 15, 29]. Fig. 1.4 8.

6 KP 1467-83.

7 KP 1467/N-83.

8 KP 1444 / N-60.

page 117
* Khan Janibek's Time Pool, minted al-Jedid's shed with a six-petaled rosette, 753 AD.

* Anonymous Crimean pool 713 g. kh. [Lebedev, 2000, p. 16, M45]. Fig.

* Khan Toktamysh, a pool of North Caucasian coinage (Majar?). [Klokov, Lebedev, p. 114,- /2, 126P/2P, fig. 28, 2, 2P]. Fig. 1.6 10.

* [This is a drawing of one side with the bird facing left, head turned back]. Probably the Azak pool, 787 AD.

3.1.4

* A pool with the name of Khan Abdallah. On the reverse side is a three-legged tamga with a bird's head. The mint is not specified, probably the minting of the Crimea. Fig. 1.7 11.

* Crimean pool with "stremyavid" tamga, 660-ies of x. 12 Fig. 1.8.

* Pul khan Khizr, minted by Saray al-Jadid, 762 AD.

* Crimean pool of Khan Uzbek 709 AD. Updated year 725 ad. [Lebedev, 2000, p. 16, M48].

4 silver coins are not disassembled, only one shows "'Adil".

9 Tatar copper coins with an obscure legend. (Probably as in Xq. 1 syllable).
3.2.1

Of the 16 coins purchased from P. G. Ayazov, I sorted out the following::

* Minted Crimea. Khan is a just Uzbek [Lebedev, 2000, p. 16, M48].

* Minted in New Grey. An ornament. (Pool of al-Jedid's Shed with a six-petaled rosette, 750s).

The other 14 are erased and not parsed.

A silver coin.

Toktamysh, minted in the Crimea, in the year 782 [Lebedev, 2000, p. 18, P25].

3.3.1

Coins found during excavations at the site of the Seraya Karavan settlement in Es. - Kr. 19-20, 21, 22 / VII 1925.

VI sq. m. 1 sl. - 2 tat. and 1 Russian. coin (polushka 1736).

I sq. m. 2 sl. - Tatar coin with an obscure legend 13.

X sq. m. 1 sl. - Pool of Khan Janibek's time: "Minting of the Crimea in the year 744" / Stylized double-headed bird [Lebedev, 2000, p. 24, M50-1].

I sq. m. 1 sl. - 5 coins. The same thing.

V sq. m. 3 sl. - 3 coins. The same thing.

III sq. m. 1 sl. - 2 coins. The first one is probably like in Xq. 1 sl. (1-Sultan Uzbek Khan). The figure shows the reverse side of the dang Khan Uzbek, type 720 AD with the Symbol of Faith [Lebedev, 2000, p. 7, P21].

V sq. 1 l. - Crimean anonymous pool of the time of Khan Uzbek, 725 AD [Lebedev, 2000, p. 16, M48] and 5 more coins (probably of the same type).

II sq. m. 1 sl. - 5 coins with an obscure legend. (Probably as in Xq. 1 syllable). Minted in Bakhchisarai 1191. Khan Shahin-Geray (beshlyk). 1 piece buckle.

III sq. m. 3 sl. - 4 coins with an obscure legend. (Probably as in Xq. 1 syllable).
list of literature

Borozdin I. N. Solkhat. Preliminary report on the work of the archaeological expedition of the Krymsovnarkom, Krymtsik and the Scientific Association of Oriental Studies of the USSR in 1925, Moscow: All-Union Scientific Association of Oriental Studies under the Central Election Commission of the USSR, 1926.

9 KP 1484/N-100.

10 KP 1443 / N-59.

11 KP 1538/154.

12 The figure contains only the legend written in Arabic. KP 1445-61.

13 The drawing is not shown. Probably of the same type as the pools listed below.

page 118
Borozdina P. A. The life and fate of Professor I. N. Borozdin. Voronezh, 2000.

Goncharov E., Zaitsev I. Barshynkentten Eskizhurtka Mawlyanga Ahmad bin Mahmud el-Barjinlygi / / Alismak. Kyzyl-Orda. N 5 (62). 2014 (in Kazakh. English).

Zaitsev I. V. Unknown review of V. V. Barthold on the book of Musa Bigiev "Fundamentals of Sharia" / / World of Islam. Pax Islamica - 1 (10), 2013.

Zaitsev I. V. Letters of V. V. Bartold to I. N. Borozdin / / Vostochny Archiv. 2013(1). N 2 (28).

Zaitsev I. V., Goncharov E. Yu. Iz Barjinlyk v Eski-Yurt: mevlana Akhmad bin Makhmud al-Barjinlygi [From Barjinlyk to Eski-Yurt: mevlana Akhmad bin Makhmud al-Barjinlygi]. No. 7, Kazan, 2014.

Krivenko A.V., Goncharov E. Yu. Asia Minor coins of the XIII-early XV centuries from Moldavia / / Medieval numismatics of Eastern Europe / Ed. by V. V. Zaitsev, Issue 5. Moscow: "Reprocenter M", 2015. pp. 64-87.

Klokov V. B., Lebedev V. P. Monetnyj kompleksa s Selitrennogo gorodishche (Zolotaya Orda, Saray) [Coin complex from the Saltpeter Settlement (Golden Horde, Saray)]. Issue IV. Numismatic collection, vol. 3. Nizhny Novgorod: Historical and Archaeological Center "REGION", 2002.

Lebedev V. P. Catalog of coins of the Crimea as part of the Golden Horde (mid-13th-early 15th centuries) / / Bulletin of the Odessa Museum of Numismatics. No. 2 / Ed. by S. B. Okhotnikov. Odessa: AIZT "Polis", 2000.

Selivanova O. V. Perepiskaia V. V. Bartolda i I. N. Borozdin [Correspondence of V. V. Bartold and I. N. Borozdin]. Vostochny Archiv, 2014, No. 2(30).

Khromov K. K. Shehr Abd-the mint of Abdallah in Kuban / / Eastern Numismatics in Ukraine. Collection of Publications, Part III. Ulus of Jochi, the Crimean Khanate and adjacent states in the XIII-XVIII centuries / Ed. by K. K. Khromov. Kiev: "Logos" Publ., 2013.

Kabaklarli Necdet. Mangir. Osmanli Imparatorlugu Bakir Paralari. Copper coins of Ottoman Empire. 1299-1808. Istanbul: Usaklilar Egitim ye Kultur Vakfi yayinlari, 1998.

Retowski O. Die Munzen der Girei (Schluss) / / Proceedings of the Moscow Numismatic Society, vol. 3, Issue 2. Moscow: Synodal Printing House, 1905.

page 119

Permanent link to this publication: