Where was the rose born? The question is not as simple as it seems. Unlike, say, potatoes (South America) or wheat (Middle East), the rose does not have one single "cradle". Its ancestors grew all over the Northern Hemisphere — from North America to China, from Europe to the Himalayas. The rose is a global flower with an ancient history. However, if you are looking for the "birthplace" of the cultural rose (the one in our gardens), the palm of primacy belongs to Central Asia and ancient Persia. Let's embark on this paleobotanical journey. First roses on Earth Roses (genus Rosa) have existed for 40 million years. Fossilized leaf and thorn prints have been found in oligocene deposits in Colorado (USA), Europe (Bavaria), and Asia (China). Then, after the extinction of the dinosaurs, the climate was warmer, and roses grew even in the Arctic (on Svalbard!). Modern wild species (shrub roses) are widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere: from the Pyrenees to Japan, from Alaska to the Himalayas. It is believed that the center of species diversity is Western China and the Himalayas, where more than 150 wild species grow. It was from there that roses began their triumphant march to the west, to Europe, and to the east, to America, through natural bridges (Beringia). So, the "geographical homeland" of roses is the entire Northern Hemisphere. First domestication: China and Persia Although wild roses grew everywhere, targeted cultivation began about 5000 years ago in two centers: Ancient China (the Zhou Dynasty) and Persia (the territory of modern Iran). The Chinese were the first to select bushes with repeated flowering and a beautiful fragrance. It was from China that tea roses and musk roses later came to Europe. But the main "garden" of early rose culture was Persia. Persian kings created huge rose gardens, brewed rose water, dedicated roses to the goddess Anahita. It is believed that the famous "damask rose" (Rosa damascena) originated in Persia as a result of natural crossbreeding between Rosa gallica and Rosa phoenicia. The damask rose became the mother of many modern varieties and the basis of perfumery. Therefore, many historians call Persia (Iran) the birthplace of the cultural rose. Greece and Rome: roses become the symbol of civilization From Persia, the rose spread to Greece (probably through merchants). The Greeks associated roses with Aphrodite (Venus) and gained the status of a divine flower. In ancient Rome, the cult of roses reached its peak: they were cultivated in huge quantities, sprinkled with petals on banquets, added to wine. From there, the rose spread to the provinces (Gallia, Britain). The Romans, without realizing it, spread roses throughout Europe. After the fall of Rome, roses survived in monastic gardens as medicinal and ornamental plants. Later Middle Ages and the Renaissance: European boom In the 15th–16th centuries, Europeans began to actively cross local roses (Rosa gallica) with imported ones (damask, from Persia). Hundreds of new varieties appeared, especially in the Netherlands and France. Under Napoleon, Empress Josephine de Beauharnais created a collection of 250 varieties in the Malmaison Castle — this became the starting point for modern breeding. So Europe "appropriated" the rose, although its ancient roots are deeper. But "homeland" in the sense of origin cannot surpass Eurasia. Rose in America: return after thousands of years In North America, there were its own wild roses (Rosa virginiana, Rosa californica). But cultural varieties were brought to Europe by colonists in the 17th century. American breeders (such as the L. Burbank school) gave the world new resilient varieties. However, North America is more of an adoptive daughter than a homeland. Interestingly, in the Southern Hemisphere (Africa, Australia), there were no roses at all before the arrival of Europeans — they were brought there. So, "homeland" for southern continents is Europe and Asia. Dispute between China and Iran Today, Chinese scientists insist that the birthplace of the rose is China, since wild varieties that gave rise to some cultural ones (such as Rosa chinensis) still grow there. Iranian researchers, however, point to the antiquity of Persian rose gardens and written sources (such as the poems of Rudaki, X century). As always, the truth is in the middle: different varieties of roses have different origins. For example, tea roses are from China, damask roses from the Middle East, and gallic roses from Europe. The cultural rose is a "mix", a mestizo, in which the blood of many ancestors flows. Genetic homeland: where the oldest varieties grow From a genetic point of view, the greatest diversity of primitive diploid rose varieties (with 14 chromosomes) is observed in Western China and the Himalayas. There, the oldest fossilized protorose remains have also been found. Perhaps this is the "cradle" of the entire genus Rosa. From there, roses migrated through Beringia to America and through Central Asia to Europe. But this process took millions of years, and it is impossible to name a specific mountain or valley as the "birthplace". Mythological homeland: the East In legends and poems, the birthplace of the rose is often called Persia. According to one tale, the rose grew from the sweat of the Prophet Muhammad. According to another, it grew from the blood of Aphrodite, stung by a thorn. In any case, the rose is associated with the East, with hot sun, with incense. So, if you are asked where the rose comes from, you can answer: from the East. This will be both romantic and close to the truth. Future homeland: cosmic rose In 2026, breeders are creating varieties suitable for cultivation on Mars. Perhaps in a hundred years, "homeland of the rose" will be called the Red Planet? But for now, we honestly admit: the rose is a flower without a specific passport. It is its own everywhere.
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