May the name of Pepi and the pyramid "unshakable beauty "be strong forever.

(601 utterances of Pyramid Texts)

The pyramid of King Pepi I (VI dynasty) and its surrounding structures, surrounded by a high stone wall, make up a huge architectural complex. Located on the west side of the Nile, in the necropolis of South Saqqara, the funeral complex of King Pepi I is an important monument of the Ancient Kingdom period. The article deals with such significant problems for studying the architecture of the royal funeral complex as the location of the complex on the ground, orientation, symmetry, the ritual of laying, the choice of sacred space, the stages of construction, the construction material used and construction methods.

Keywords: Ancient Egypt, funeral complex of Pepi I, architecture.

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE FUNERAL COMPLEX OF PEPI I

Pyramid of king Pepi I (VI dynasty) and the adjacent buildings, surrounded by a high stone wall, make a huge architectural complex. Located on the west side of the Nile, in the necropolis of Saqqara South, funerary complex of king Pepi I is an important monument of the Old Kingdom. The article focuses on the location and architecture of the royal funeral complex, its orientation, symmetry, ritual of foundation, choice of sacred space, construction stages, building materials, and methods of construction.

Keywords: Ancient Egypt, funerary complex of Pepi I, architecture.

The architectural ensemble of the burial chambers built for King Pepi I consisted of: first of all, the king's tomb itself in the form of a pyramid, a small satellite pyramid (ka-pyramid, located at the south-eastern corner of the king's pyramid), a fence surrounding both pyramids, the upper funeral temple (located on the eastern side of the pyramid), a valley temple (with a pier attached to it), the ascent road (running from the valley temple to the upper one), funerary, or sunny, boat. All the listed buildings were a single whole and only together acquired the fullness of their religious purpose (see, for example: [Pavlova, 2000, p.101]).

The memorial complex of Pepi I is located in South Saqqara. The choice of the Saqqara necropolis by the ancient Egyptians was probably due to the location of this area - on the western side of the Nile and on the border with the Libyan desert - where the fertile fields forming the royal grounds (sj) met the desert. According to the religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians, it was here that the horizon of the setting sun was located, and hence the "land of the dead" (Taylor, 2001, p. 136). The length of the "city of the dead" is about 8 km, and its width is from 500 to 1500 m.

Yulia A. PRONINA-Junior Researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Julia_pronina@mail.ru.

Yulia PRONINA - Junior Research Fellow, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Julia pronina@mail.ru.

page 37
[Lauer, 1977, p. 10(1)]. In the north, its territory is bounded by the Abusir necropolis, and in the south by the Dahshur necropolis.

The Saqqara necropolis (Bain and Malek, 1980, p. 146) can be divided into two parts: the northern and southern ones. In the northernmost part, tombs of the kings of the first dynasties of the Ancient Kingdom were discovered, the southernmost of which is the step pyramid of King Djoser of the 111 dynasty. Much to the south of Djoser's funeral complex is the "mastaba of Faraun" - the pyramid of King Shepseskaf of the IV dynasty. In the central part, between the steep cliffs of northern Saqqara, coming from Abu Roash, are the pyramids of King V of the Unas dynasty and King VI of the Teti dynasty. Then, in the wide expanses of the southern part (in chronological order from north to south), there are the pyramids of the VI dynasty, the kings Pepi I, Merenre, and even further south - Pepi II. According to V. Dobrev, here, between the pyramids of Kings Teti and Pepi I, there should be a funeral complex of King Userkar (Dobrev, 2010, p. 51-65).

The construction of the royal pyramid complex Pepi 1, according to ancient Egyptian traditions, began immediately after the king's accession to the throne. Its construction was preceded by a preparatory stage associated with the placement of a huge architectural complex on the ground. The organization of space for the future structure was based on the tasks of construction and the intended architectural forms [Roth, 1993, p. 34]. First of all, it was necessary to choose the site of the complex's construction. The topography of the area and nearby structures were of primary importance [Love, 2006, p. 215].

For construction, an area of about ten kilometers in length from north to south was chosen. The center of the entire huge architectural complex was, of course, the pyramid. It was supposed to be located on a raised platform. Thus, the ancient architects managed to achieve visual dominance of the pyramid on the ground. Not far from the plain of fertile fields, where the waters of the Nile reached during floods, a valley temple was built with a pier for a funeral boat. The upper pyramid complex and the valley temple were connected by a slope along which the ascent road passed, protected by high walls. However, the terrain with a relief that meets all the necessary conditions for the location of tombs is very rare in Saqqara. Therefore, not all the pyramids of the Ancient Kingdom were built by ancient architects, taking into account the listed architectural canons.

The location of the pyramid of Pepi I, in comparison with other pyramids of the Ancient Kingdom, was chosen very well. It was located in the center of the "city of the dead" and towered over the mouth of the river. For comparison, the pyramids of Unas and Pepi II were built at a distance of 800 m deep into the plateau. Although the Merenre Pyramid is located above the mouth of the river, it is partially covered by the pyramid of Pepi I. Just like the pyramid of Teti, located two kilometers from the pyramid of Pepi I, is covered by the unfinished pyramid of Isesi-Djedkar.

The funeral complex of the tsar was oriented to the cardinal directions, the entrance was traditionally located in the north, in the direction of the circumpolar stars. However, a study of the pyramids and funeral temples of the IV-VI dynasties in Giza, Dahshur and Saqqara showed that the entrance of none of these pyramids has an exact direction to the north (Labrousse, 1996, p. 75). The angle of deviation was associated with a change in the position of near-polar, "non-fading" stars, which were used to guide the construction of pyramids and temples and in which the souls of gods and deceased kings were embodied (Lauer, 1960, p. 179). The location of the pyramid also depended on the direction of the funeral temple in relation to the east-west axis. Changing the main axis of the pyramid led, in turn, to a change in the direction of the east-west axis. Perhaps the purpose of this arrangement of the pyramid was to focus on the royal palace in Memphis, in the likeness of which the entire funeral complex of the king was built. But often reserved for

page 38
The construction site could have been several kilometers away from Memphis. Thus, in my opinion, the orientation of the east-west axis of the complex to the royal palace could only be symbolic.

After the site for the construction of the funeral complex was chosen, the construction work itself began. Initially, the construction site was cleared and leveled from layers of sand and gravel to rocky ground. Then an approximate marking of the sides of the pyramid and adjacent rooms was carried out [Kink, 1967, p.17]. The construction of the pier where the valley temple was to be located began, and the foundation of the ascent road leading to the location of the pyramid was laid. The pier and road were used to deliver stone blocks to the construction site, and later remained part of the architectural complex. There is no doubt that all physical work was preceded by a" plan " (Bogoslovsky, 1983, p.107). Before starting the construction of such monumental structures, a detailed architectural plan was drawn up [Arnold, 1991, p. 7-10], which considered the size of the entire funeral complex and individual rooms, their purpose and artistic works.

Limestone, granite, basalt, and alabaster were widely used for the construction of the pyramid complex of Pepi I. Some of the limestone blocks were mined here, in Saqqara, on the Libyan plateau (Kink, 1967, p. 59). To cover the pyramid with white limestone and to decorate the funeral complex of the king, the stone was specially brought from different parts of the country. Thousands of tons of construction materials were delivered to the construction site along the Nile. For this purpose, Pepi 1 ordered special expeditions to Wadi Hammamat [Sethe, 1933, I, S. 95-97], Wadi Magara [Sethe, 1933, I, S. 91-93], and Hatnub [Sethe, 1933, I, S. 107-108]. Inscriptions in the Uni tomb describe expeditions from which stone from Ibhat, granite from Elephantine, and alabaster from Hatnub were brought for the tomb of Pepi I's successor Merenre (Sethe, 1933, I, p. 99). Granite from Elephantine was used for partitions, ceilings, and granite doorways; grauvacca from Ibhat was used to make the sarcophagus of Pepi I and the pyramidion (Labrousse, 1996, p. 72). Large stone blocks were delivered to the construction site of the pyramid in a ready-made form, some of the blocks were additionally processed on site. Granite construction parts were brought ready-made. Even in the quarry, they were marked with red paint indicating the place of laying.

Studies of the pyramid of Pepi I by G. Maspero [Maspero, 1884, p. 158], and then by O. Labrousse [Labrousse, 1996, p. 118] showed that the ancient masters used blocks of earlier structures during the construction of the tomb. 22 blocks of secondary use were found in the pyramid of the king. They were borrowed from the funeral complex of Pepi I's predecessor and father, King Teti, and his grandmother, Queen Sesheseshet 1 (Leclant, 1975, p. 362; Leclant and Clerc, 1988, p. 333). Blocks of secondary use were also found in the pyramid of Unas (only 2 blocks), borrowed from the construction of its predecessor - Jedkara-Isesi.

During the period of the Ancient Kingdom, the organization of construction works reached a high level [Dobrev, 1990, p. 71]. Several working groups worked on the construction of the pyramid at once. Each unit had its own name, its own chief, and was responsible for performing a certain type of work (Savelyeva, 1971, p.97). In addition, each employee individually had their own task. In the pyramid of Pepi I, most of the markings were found on the so-called side stones (Dobrev, 1994, p. 147-168). The markings are made in thick lines of red and black, as well as ochre. Graffiti in the form of a cross painted with red paint is the most numerous. Inside the taco-

1 On one of the discovered limestone blocks of secondary use, the profile of the queen is depicted (Leclant and Clerc, 1989, p. 363).

page 39
Other hieroglyphic markings were often drawn on the sign, and the name of the construction team and the names of the builders who built the pyramid were written below it. Hieroglyphs with the names of units are often depicted upside down. However, judging by the direction of the paint stains, the signs on the stone blocks were applied after they were installed in place. The meaning of the detected marks is still unclear.

Another type of graffiti is small inscriptions painted with red paint. They are made with a fine brush and represent exact dates with the indication of the month, time of year, day, measurements in Egyptian cubits. For example: "4th month of the peret season (winter), 2nd day" [Dobrev, 1990, p. 71]. In most of these inscriptions, it is reported that some work was done in one or another part of the pyramid. Most likely, such inscriptions indicate that changes were made in the design of the pyramid and may have been made by the chief architect or artist-scribe.

Unfortunately, there is not much information about the organization and conduct of construction work. The most interesting and informative inscriptions contain the names and titles of people of various social status associated with the construction of the funeral complex of Pepi I. Among them, a number of rather high - ranking officials stand out-the vizier named Zechu and the vizier Hetep. Teti's royal son, Ankh, is probably the son of Pepi I's predecessor and father, King Teti. He supervised and supervised the construction of the pyramid of the king, the funeral temple, and the wall surrounding the complex. King Inti's chief architect and builder is also possibly a relative of the king, presumably the son of Pepi I's consort, Queen Inenek/Inti [Dobrev, 1996, p. 107, 110].

An inscription discovered in Wadi Hammamat from the 18th year of the reign of Peni I mentions the main builder of the pyramid named Chechi. Another inscription-from the tomb of the architect Nehebu, who was buried in Giza - says that he was the superintendent of the construction of the pyramid for six years (Pfirsch, 1990, p. 34).

After the construction site was prepared, the construction of underground burial rooms of the royal pyramid began. Before laying the foundation, the lower part of the pit was filled with sand (Labrousse, 1996, p. 78). In its composition, it was very different from the Aeolian deposits (the sand is thinner, yellow in color), discovered during the excavations of the funeral temple. The same layer of sand, but even deeper, was found in the pyramid of Merenra. A layer of sand in the underground chambers of Pepi I was found in the serdaba, the anterior chamber and in the south-eastern corner of the burial chamber. The discovered sand layer and secondary blocks in the internal structure of the Pepi 1 pyramid probably indicate the existence of a special religious ritual for laying the pyramid [Leclant, 1969, p. 256; Leclant, 1971, p. 233; Leclant, 1975, p. 208; Leclant, 1979, p. 362; Montet, 1960, p. 172-180]. Interestingly, sand was also used in the funeral ritual, as evidenced by archaeological data and "Pyramid Texts".

The underground rooms of the pyramid of Pepi 1 are built according to the "standard" or" classical " type, which was preserved until the end of the Ancient Kingdom period. Their layout is similar to that of similar tombs of kings Unas, Teti, Merenre, and Pepi II; the rooms differ only in the size and shape of the serdab (Sethe, 1922, p. 116, 120, 125, 139, 146; Cwiek, 2003, p. 32; Labrousse, 1996, p. 204-211, tab. X-XXXI].

At the base of the pyramid of Pepi I was a square measuring 150 cubits, the height of the faces is equal to 100 cubits. The layout of underground burial rooms has a T-shape. A descending shaft (descendrie) leads inside the pyramid. It abuts on the vestibule (vestibule, waiting room, wartesaal, sale d'attente), which opens into a horizontal corridor located at a fairly large distance from the center of the pyramid. From here, the passage leads inside the pyramid - to the front chamber

page 40
(antichambre). The crossing is divided into two parts by a peculiar system of barriers - three granite movable slabs. On the east side of the anterior chamber, a passage leads to serdab. It is a chamber divided into three parts with three niches. In the pyramids of Pepi I, Merenra, and Pepi II, serdab has the shape of a rectangle. On the west side of the front chamber is another passage that leads to the burial chamber (chambre funeraire). In the pyramid of Pepi I, the size of the burial and anterior chambers is similar to the size of similar rooms in the pyramids of the VI dynasty. The length of the passages (from the anterior chamber to the serdab and from the anterior chamber to the burial chamber) in the pyramid of Pepi I is shorter than in the pyramids of his predecessors. The lobby, on the contrary, is larger than in other pyramids, primarily Unas and Merenra, and is almost identical to the Teti pyramid. The inclined descent is the largest room in terms of size, compared to the pyramids of Unas, Teti, Merenra.

The ceiling of all the rooms of the tomb of Pepi I was decorated with white five-pointed stars on a black background, which symbolized the night sky. The fifth ray of stars in the pyramid of Pepi I, then in those of his successors, pointed to the west. In the pyramid of Unas in the preserved rooms, the stars have the following directions: horizontal transition - blue stars point to the north, the front chamber - blue stars on a white background-at the zenith, the transition from the front to the burial chamber-blue stars - to the east, the burial chamber-blue stars on a white background-at the zenith. In the Teti pyramid, in the preserved rooms - the anterior and burial chambers - the ceiling is decorated with stars pointing east, with the exception of three stars near the sarcophagus (they point west) [Labrousse, 1996, p. 136, 200, tab. 1].

The ceiling of the underground rooms of the pyramid consisted of tightly fitting and laid across slabs. In the burial chamber, the ceiling has a pointed shape. Above the ceiling slabs were three layers of massive stone beams several meters long, located above the front and burial chambers. Such design features are unique, as they are not found in any other pyramid of this type [Labrousse, 1996, p. 106].

O. Labrousse called the appearance of texts on the inner walls of the tomb of Unas and their "maximum development" in the pyramid of Pepi I "A significant stage in changing the architectural plan of the royal pyramids" (Labrousse, 2000, p. 101). All the inner walls of the underground rooms of the pyramid of Pepi I, with the exception of serdab, were covered with "Pyramid Texts". They are made in very beautiful hieroglyphs and painted in a bright green color, which has survived to this day. This color of the young spring growth, the color of life (Leclant, 1990, p. 64; Mathieu, 2009, p. 38), symbolized rebirth and the immortality so desired by the tsar. Since Pepi I, the royal interiors of the tombs of the VI dynasty have been dominated by green and black. 2
After carrying out all the necessary funeral rituals, the entrance to the pyramid was closed with a granite "plug" installed in an inclined shaft. Then a chapel was built next to the entrance on the north side. Similar chapels have been recorded in the pyramids of kings and queens of the V-VI dynasties, as well as in a number of pyramids of the Middle Kingdom (Lauer and Leclant, 1972, p. 44). The pyramid, as already mentioned, was surrounded by a wall. In all the courtyards located around the pyramid of Pepi I - at the base of the pyramid and the wall of the funeral temple - bowls were hollowed out in the pavement, which most likely represented reservoirs for collecting water [Labrousse, 2000, p. 44]. The pyramid and the entire pyramid complex were carefully guarded by the "Pyramid Texts" themselves, which contain threats to violators of their integrity and peace.3
2 Symbol: Osiris - "Great Black" - in the "Pyramid Texts" the color of fertile land.

3 For example, RT 534, 601.

page 41
As paleoclimatic studies show, in ancient times the area surrounding the pyramid of Pepi I, as well as other pyramids of that era, looked different. During this period, the climate in Egypt was humid, and in the Sahara there were heavy rains. Probably, the area around the pyramid of Pepi I was a savanna, similar to the Kenyan one. The area of Saqqara, near the Nile, was covered with swamps supplied by the flood of the river, in which papyri grew. However, during this period, climate aridity began to increase [Prusakov, 1999, p. 100-139].

As mentioned above, the construction of royal tombs under the kings of the VI dynasty continued in the traditions of their predecessors. Royal tombs were built in the form of pyramids, but their size, starting from the V Dynasty, noticeably decreased compared to the pyramids of the IV dynasty. By this time, the size of the pyramids and their interiors had been established, and there was a tendency to simplify and uniform the internal layout. However, it should be noted that the size and number of rooms in the funeral temples of kings have significantly increased.

The funeral temple of King Pepi I consisted of an entrance hall, a front hall, a central courtyard with columns, a cross passage, a hall with five niches for statues, a square anteroom with a column in the center, a sanctuary, and storerooms. All the main elements of the temple were located from east to west. The layout of the rooms was almost the same as in the funeral temples of Unas, Teti, Pepi II. The funeral temple was surrounded by a wall that protected the territory of the royal tomb from outsiders. The entrance was located on the east side.

The architectural composition of the sepulchral church of Pepi I clearly shows the proportions that made up the sacred triangle. This technique has been used in ancient Egyptian architecture since the fourth Dynasty (Lauer and Leclant, 1972, p. 54). In the temple of Pepi 1, the size of the sides was 88: 66 cubits, i.e. 4: 3. In the temples of Teti and Pepi II, which are similar in their layout, the size of the sides is slightly smaller and amounts to 86: 64.5 cubits, which also corresponds to the ratio of the sacred triangle [Lauer, 1977, p. 74(2)].

The interior decoration of the sepulchral church of Pepi I was distinguished by its pomp, high quality of work and variety of materials used, rich color scheme of stone. The premises of the tsar's funeral complex were similar to reception halls (Allen, 2006, p. 9). The floors were paved with greenish white-veined alabaster, the sills and door frames with pink granite, and the ceilings were decorated with white stars in a cobalt blue sky. Bas-reliefs and texts decorated the interior walls of the premises complemented and emphasized the overall luxury and grandeur of the temple. Together with the white limestone from which the entire complex was built, it should have made a strong impression on contemporaries. The front, or main, hall of the funeral church, with an area of more than 100 square meters, led to an open courtyard with columns. It was surrounded on four sides by square porticoes-Ouserkhet, consisting of 18 monolithic symmetrically arranged stone columns about 4 m high. Along the inner courtyard of the temple, several bowls are carved in the tile covering, into which conical ceramic reservoirs were inserted. A cross passage (couloir transversal) divided the temple into two parts. This room was found in all the funeral temples of the end of the Ancient Kingdom. From it, a small staircase led to the western part - to the inner temple. It was accessed through the temple's largest double door.

The next rooms of the temple were located in the western part, at the foot of the pyramid of the king, on a higher level. For the architectural connection of the shifted levels of the surface of the temple premises, a staircase of nine steps was used, which led to a hall with five niches (salle aux niches). It was an open room, with five identical windows laid out in the western part of it

page 42
niches. In the temple of Pepi I and Pepi II, the niches were made of pink granite, and in my Aunt's house they were made of alabaster. In the niches there were cult statues of the king, which were closed with double doors and sealed. In the temples of the V-VI dynasties, the location of the hall coincides with the niches, as well as their number [Lauer and Leclant, 1972, p. 28]. As for the funeral temples of queen consorts of Pepi I, the number of niches for statues was three (Leclant and Labrousse, 2001, p. 3).

By analogy with the temple of Pepi II, it can be assumed that the hall was adjacent to the lobby, which has not been preserved. The next room of the funeral church is the anteroom. The ceiling of this room was supported by a single central column made of palm-shaped granite. On the north side of the square ante - chamber was the entrance to the most important part of the temple, the sanctuary or sacrificial hall. Dirt and water from the sacrifices were drained into a special underground sewer system, which was taken out of the temple. The religious premises of the funeral church are connected with numerous storerooms (storerooms and sacristy), where food supplies and objects of worship were stored.

The satellite pyramid (or ka pyramid) was separated by a wall from the rest of the complex. This structure is a permanent architectural element in the funeral complexes of not only kings, but also queens of the V-VI dynasties.

Near the royal tomb, on the southern and western sides of the pyramid of Pepi I, there were funeral complexes of queens. The architectural ensemble of each complex consisted of a pyramid, a satellite pyramid, a funeral temple and was surrounded by a wall. The rest of the cult premises - the ascent road, the lower temple, the pier-were used for the funeral ritual of the king.

The architectural ensemble of the funeral complexes of queens is a classic type of ancient Egyptian architecture of the Ancient Kingdom period. The entrance to the pyramid was located on the north side, where the northern sanctuary was located. Inside the tomb, in an inclined descent, there was a stone stopper, then there was a vestibule, a horizontal passage blocked by a single descending stone slab, a burial chamber and a small serdab. Such a plan of the burial rooms of the pyramids of queens is a simplified version of the burial rooms of the king's pyramid - one stone slab in the horizontal passage instead of three in the king's pyramid, the front and burial chambers are combined into one, rectangular, but not three-part serdab (Labrousse, 1990, p. 85). However, the architectural style of the funeral complexes of the queens differed from each other.

During the archaeological excavations of the funeral complex of Pepi I in South Saqqara, the tombs of Pepi I's consorts - Queens Inenek-Inti (Innk 'Intj), Nubunet (Nwb-wnt), the "nameless" queen, called "the eldest daughter of the king , the wife of the king", the tomb of Queen Ankhnespepi II or, containing Pyramid Texts, were discovered as well as the tomb of a prince named Khor-Necherikhet and the pyramid of his mother, Queen Mekhaa. Fragments of a doorway with the queen's name - Sebutet-were found.

In the necropolis of King Pepi I, the pyramids of previously unknown queens were discovered - the wife of King Neferkar (possibly Pepi II) Meretites II, who was presumably the daughter of Pepi I; the pyramid of Pepi II's wife Ankhnespepi III, daughter of Merenr; and the tomb of a young priestess of Hathor named Ankhnespepi. To the north of the pyramid of Queen Ankhnespepi III, an almost completely destroyed small pyramid of Recherichefnacht was found. Its owner lived at the very end of the XI dynasty-the beginning of the XII dynasty, but was in no way connected with the royal family. However, it is interesting that the walls of his tomb contain both "Pyramid Texts"and" Sarcophagus Texts".

page 43
Next to the tomb of Prince Khor-Necherikhet, a pyramid and the funeral temple of the previously unknown queen, "beloved of Pepi", Behenu were discovered. However, it is not yet clear whether the queen's wife was Pepi I or Pepi II. Excavations of this complex continue to this day. Like the tomb of Ankhnespepi II, fragments of the "Pyramid Texts"were also found in Behenu's tomb. Behenu's tomb was the eleventh pyramid to have texts found on its inner walls. This is an important discovery of the French archaeological expedition in Saqqara.

In 2012, during excavations in the western part of the Behenu funeral complex, mastaba blocks were found with texts that represented a new version of the biographies of the royal dignitary of the VI dynasty Uni. According to the head of the excavation, F. Colombert, we are talking about the vizier Uni, whose tomb was previously discovered in Abydos [Collombert, 2013, p. 3]. Thus, we can agree with the conclusion of the archaeologist that next to the funeral complex of King Pepi I there was a necropolis with tombs not only of members of the royal family, but also of the court nobility.

The study of the architecture of the pyramids of the kings of the Fifth and sixth dynasties, as you can see, touches on a number of complex problems, such as the location of the pyramid on the ground, orientation, symmetry, the ritual of laying, the choice of sacred space, the stages of construction, the construction material used, construction methods and design of the complex. Some of these issues still remain controversial: for example, the orientation of the pyramid to the royal palace in Memphis, which may have been only symbolic, as it was supposed to be, and the secondary use of stone blocks in the construction of the funeral complex. The problem of the relationship between the architecture and Texts of the pyramids remains problematic, which has been repeatedly considered in the scientific literature of recent times.

The design of the royal burial complex had an important social and ideological function associated with the idea of the special status of its owner, his posthumous existence. The development of this complex was influenced by changes in the social structure and religious concepts. The texts painted on the inner walls of the underground rooms of the king's pyramid are undoubtedly immeasurably more versatile than architectural symbolism. They expressed the idea of the resurrection of the king, his ascension to heaven, which emphasized the symbolism of the pyramid architecture, rising up.

By the period of the VI dynasty, changes in the architecture of the royal funeral complex led to the creation of a "standard" or "classical" type of structure, which was used until the end of the Ancient Kingdom period. The Pepi I pyramid complex can also be attributed to this type. Its importance in the cultural tradition of Egypt was so great that the very name of the pyramid of Pepi I-Mn nfr in the late period became the name of the ancient capital - Memphis.

list of literature

Bogoslovskiy E. S. Drevneegipetskie masteri [Ancient Egyptian Masters], Moscow, 1983. = Bogoslovskii E.S. Drevneegipetskie mastera. Moscow, 1983.

Kink H. A. How the Egyptian Pyramids were built, Moscow, 1967. = Kink Kh.A. Kak stroilis' egipetskie piramidy. Moscow, 1967.

Pavlova O. I. Symbolism of pyramid complexes in Egypt of the V-VI dynasties // Drevnost': istoricheskoe znanie i spetsifika istochnika [Antiquity: historical knowledge and Source specifics], Moscow, 2000, pp. 100-102. = Pavlova O.I. Simvolika piramidnykh kompleksov v Egipte V-VI dinastii // Drevnost': istoricheskoe znanie i spetsifika istochnika. Moscow, 2000. P. 100-102.

Prusakov D. B. Priroda i chelovek v Drevnem Egipte [Nature and Man in Ancient Egypt]. Moscow, 1999. = Prusakov D.B. Priroda i chelovek v Drevnem Egipte. Moscow, 1999.

Savelyeva T. N. How the Egyptians lived during the construction of the pyramids. Moscow, 1971. = Savel'eva T.N. Kak zhili egiptiane vo vremena stroitel'stva piramid. Moscow, 1971.

page 44
Allen J.P. Some aspects of the non-royal afterlife in the Old Kingdom // The Old Kingdom art and archaeology. Proceedings of the conference held in Prague May 31 - June 4, 2004. Praha, 2006. P. 9-18.

Arnold D. Building in Egypt, Pharaonic Stone Masonry. New York-Oxford, 1991.

Baine J., Malek J. Atlas of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, 1980.

Collombert Ph. Une nouvelle version de l'autobiographie d'Ouni // 50 ans d'eternite. Jubile de la Mission archeologique francaise de Saqqara (1963-2013). Abstracts. Le Caire, 2013. P. 145-157.

Cwiek A. Relie/decoration in the royal funerary complexes of the Old Kingdom. Warsaw, 2003.

Dobrev V. Les marques de la pyramide de Pepi I parlent aussi // Dossiers d'archeologie. Dijon, 1990. N 146-147. P. 70-71.

Dobrev V. Observations sur quelques marques de la pyramide de Pepi I // Hommage a Jean Leclant. Le Caire, 1994. P. 147-158.

Dobrev V. Les marques sur pierres de construction de la necropole de Pepi ler. Etudes prosoprographique // Bulletin de l'Institut francais d'archeologie orientale. Le Caire, 1996. N 96. P. 103-142.

Dobrev V. Quest for the Lost Kings of Dynasty 6 // F. Raffaele, M. Nuzzolo, I. Incordino (eds.), Recent Discoveries and Latest Researches in Egyptology. Proceedings of the First Neapolitan Congress of Egyptology, Naples, June 18th-20th 2008. Wiesbaden, 2010. P. 51-66.

Labrousse A. Les complexes funeraires du roi Pepi ler et de trois reines // Dossiers d'archeologie. Dijon, 1990. N 146-147. P. 80-87.

Labrousse A. L'architecture des pyramides a textes.Vol. I Saqqara Nord. Le Caire, 1996. Vol. II. Saqqara Sud. Le Caire, 2000.

Lauer J.-Ph. Zbinek Zaba: L'orientation astronomique dans l'ancienne Egypte, et la precession de l'axe du monde // Bulletin de llstitulfrancais d'archeologie orientale. Le Caire, 1960. N 60. P. 171-183.

Lauer J.-Ph., Leclant J. Le temple haut du complexe funeraire du roi Teli. Le Caire, 1972.

Lauer J.-Ph. Saqqarah, la necropole royale de Memphis, quarante sciecles d'histoire, cent-vingt-cinq ans de recherche. Paris, 1977.

Lauer J.-Ph. Le triangle sacre dans les plans des monuments de l'Ancien Empire// Bulletin de l'Institut francais d'archeologie orientale. Le Caire, 1977. N 77. P. 55-78.

Leclant J. Fouilles et travaux en Egypte et au Soudan // Orientalia. Rome, 1969. N 38. P. 240-307; 1971. N 40. P. 224-266; 1975. N 44. P. 200-244; 1979. N 48. P. 340-412.

Leclant J. Les textes des pyramides // Dossiers d'archeologie. Dijon, 1990. N 146-147. P. 60-65.

Leclant J., Clerc G. Fouilles et travaux en Egypte et au Soudan // Orientalia. Rome, 1988. N 57. P. 345-350; 1989. N 58. P. 379-384.

Leclant J., Labrousse A. Les reines Ankhnespepy II et III (fin de l'Ancien Empire): campagne 1999-2000 de la MAFS// Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Paris, 2001. Vol. 145. N I. P. 376-384.

Love S. Stones, Ancestors, and Pyramids: Investigation the Pre-pyramid Landscape of Memphis // The Old Kingdom art and archaeology. Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague May 31 - June 4, 2004. Praha, 2006. P. 209-220.

Maspero G. La pyramide du roi Pepi ler // Recueil de travaux relatifs a la philologie et a l'archeologie egyptiennes et assyriennes. Paris, 1884. Vol. V. P. 157-198.

Mathieu B. Les couleurs dans les Textes des Pyramides: approche des systemes chromatiques // Egypte, Nilolique et Mediterraneenne. Montpellier. 2009. N 2. P. 25-52.

Montet P. Le ritual de foundation des temples // Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Paris, 1960. Vol. 104. N 1. P. 172-180.

Pfirsch L. Les batisseurs des pyramides de Saqqarah // Dossiers d'archeologie. Dijon, 1990. N 146-147. P. 32-35.

Roth A.M. Social Change in the Fourth Dynasty: The Spatial Organization of Pyramids, Tombs, and Cemeteries // Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 1993. Vol. 30. P. 33-55.

Sethe K.. Die Altdgyptischen Pyramidentexte: nach den Papierabdrucken und Photographien des Berliner. Bd. III. Leipzig, 1922.

Sethe K. Urkunden des Allen Reiches. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. 1933.

Taylor J.H. Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. London, 2001.

page 45

Permanent link to this publication: