The article briefly describes the participation of Archimandrite Palladius (Kafarov) in the Tianjin negotiations of 1858, and describes a manuscript kept in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) containing an introduction to Palladius ' diary, which was not previously published.
Keywords: Russian-Chinese relations, Treaty of Tianjin, Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing, Archimandrite Palladiy Kafarov, Evfimiy Vasilyevich Putyatin, Fyodor Romanovich Osten-Saken.
ARCHIMANDRITE PALLADIUS' DIARY FOR 1858: A NOTE ON THE HISTORY OF ITS PUBLICATION
The article tells the story of the publication of the diary of Archimandrite Palladius (Kafarov) in 1858 and briefly describes the manuscript from the fund of Baron Reinhold Friedrich (Fedor Romanovich) von der Osten-Sacken, located in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) and containing an early introduction to the unpublished diary of Palladius. The author offers the publication of archival material with comments.
Keywords: treaty of Tientsin, Opium wars, Palladius Kafarov, Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing, Sino-Russian relations, Yevfimy Putyatin, Reinhold Friedrich von der Osten-Sacken.
Signed on June 1, 1858,1 in Tientsin, the Russo-Chinese Treaty of Tientsin is part of a series of unequal Tientsin Treaties signed by China with England, France, the United States, and Russia in the summer of 1858, during the Second Opium War (1856-1860) .2
The British Empire was not entirely satisfied with the volume of sales of English goods in China, and therefore it was planned to open the entire Middle Kingdom to trade. However, realizing that other powers such as France, the United States, and Russia are unlikely to remain bystanders, the British Empire has repeatedly taken the initiative to take joint action in China. As a result, in December 1856, an agreement on such actions was reached with France. Immediately, preparations for military operations began: in early December 1856, the Vice Admiral
KULIKOV Andrey Mikhailovich-post-graduate student of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, lecturer at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, bilis@inbox.ru.
Andrey KULIKOV - PhD Applicant, Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS, Moscow; instructor, Financial University, Moscow; bilis@inbox.ru.
1 Hereafter-dates are shown in the new style.
2 The Russian-Chinese Treaty of Tientsin was signed on June 1; the American-Chinese Treaty was signed on June 6; the Anglo - Chinese Treaty was signed on June 14; and the French - Chinese Treaty was signed on June 15.
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E. V. Putyatin3 reported from London to Grand Duke Konstantin 4 a number of information about the construction of gunboats by England and France intended for navigation in the internal waters of China, and suggested that military operations against China were being prepared.
The Russian Empire was most concerned about the desire of Britain and other powers to gain access to internal Chinese waters. At that time, the Russian-Chinese border along the Amur River was still undefined. The most pressing issue for Russia was the approval of the legal affiliation of the left bank of the Amur River. Prior to the outbreak of the Crimean War (1853-1856), the Amur region, under the terms of the Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689, remained a neutral region, but with the outbreak of the war, the Russian government had serious concerns about the eastern borders of the empire.
The complexity of the situation also lay in the peculiarities of relations between the Russian Empire and Qing China. The main trade between the two countries was carried out overland via Kyakhta (kit.) in Mongolia, as well as Kuldzha and Chuguchak in East Turkestan. In addition, Russia was virtually the only European country that had a permanent representation in the capital of the Qing Empire - the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission (RDM). Although the main purpose of the mission in Beijing was to maintain the Orthodox faith among the Albazin 5-descendants of the Cossacks captured by the Chinese in the Albazin prison in 1686, in fact, the mission performed several functions at once, including research, translation and diplomatic. During this period, the thirteenth RDM (1850-1858), headed by Archimandrite Palladius (Kafarov), was located in Beijing6. As one of the participants in the Tianjin negotiations, Palladius left extensive diary entries containing interesting information about the progress of the negotiations.
The final version of the Russian-Chinese Tianjin treatise on the definition of mutual relations has 12 articles. On the Russian side, it was signed by Count Putyatin, on the Manchu side by dignitaries Guilin () 7 and Huashang () 8.
Next, we will turn to the history of the publication of Archimandrite Palladius ' diary for 1858, which he kept during the period preceding and following the signing of the Tianjin Treatises. For the first time, these diary entries were published in the journal" Marine Collection " No. 9 and No. 10 for 1860,9-almost immediately after the signing of the Russian-Chinese treaty of Tientsin. The publication was titled "Extract from a diary kept in Peking in 1858".,
3 Evfimiy Vasilyevich Putyatin (1803-1883) - Russian admiral and diplomat. In 1827, he took part in the Battle of Navarino. In 1842, he headed a successful Russian diplomatic mission to Iran. In 1852-1855, he took part in the Far Eastern expedition on the frigate Pallada, headed the Russian mission to establish diplomatic and trade relations with Japan, and visited China. On November 6, 1855, he signed the first Russo-Japanese treaty, for which he received the title of count. In 1855-1857, he served as a naval attache in London. In 1857, he was sent to Beijing with special powers. In June 1858, he signed the Treaty of Tientsin. For more information, see: [Diplomatic Dictionary, vol. II, pp. 588-589; Plotnikova, 1997, pp. 32-41].
4 Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich (1827-1892) was the second son of Emperor Nicholas I and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. Admiral-General, from January 21, 1853, he headed the Ministry of the Sea. Since July 1857, he was a member of the Committee for the Emancipation of Peasants. From January 1, 1865 to July 13, 1881, he was Chairman of the State Council. See: [Russian Biographical Dictionary, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 120-155].
5 During this period, the RDM was not engaged in missionary activities among the indigenous population of China.
6 Archimandrite Palladius (in the world Peter Ivanovich Kafarov) (1817-1878) - member of the twelfth RDM (1840-1849), head of the thirteenth (1850-1858) and fifteenth RDM (1865-1878), one of the largest Russian sinologists who made a significant contribution to the development of the sciences of the East (sinology, Mongolistics). See: [Yurkevich, 2009, pp. 476-477; Khokhlov, part 1, 1979, pp. 3-90].
7 Guilin (1785-1862) - a representative of the noble Manchu family of Guvalgia (Guaerjiashi ), belonged to the Red Banner Corps (Zheng-hong qi ), was the governor of the capital province of Zhili ), during the Second Opium War he belonged to the "peace party", which offered to make concessions to Europeans. He represented the Qing Empire in the negotiations of 1858 in Tianjin and 1860 in Beijing. For more information, see: [Guilin].
8 Huashan (1806-1859) - a native of the Umite noble family of Mongolian origin. He was a member of the Hanlin Academy with the rank of editor (compiler) (bianxiu ). Bianxiu's duties included editing historical records, but there is evidence that during the Qing period, this position did not impose any real responsibilities. Huashana represented the Manchu court in negotiations with foreign powers at Tientsin in 1858.
9 A. P., No. 9, 1860, pp. 483-509; A. P., No. 10, 1860, pp. 88-105].
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It was signed with the initials "A. P." and did not contain any direct references to the authorship of Archimandrite Palladius.
In this publication, the diary was divided into two parts. In total, the diary contains 46 entries from mid-January to mid-August 1858. The author of the publication appears to us as an outside observer or journalist who visited Tianjin twice in the period preceding and following the signing of the Tianjin Treaties between China and European powers.
The information published in the "Marine Collection" for 1860 leaves an impression of understatement around the role of the author himself at the Tianjin negotiations, as well as the participation of the Russian delegation in the events taking place. These lacunae are restored by the publication "Diary of Archimandrite Palladius for 1858", published in the journal "Izvestia of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs" in 1912. [Palladium, 1912, pp. 225-282].
In a brief introduction to it, A. I. Ivanov, a private associate professor at the Imperial Saint Petersburg University, 10 noted: "it turned out that when comparing the original manuscript of the late scientist... when publishing the diary, entries for 17 days were completely omitted, some of them... abridged" [Palladium, 1912, p. 225]. Further, the diary of Archimandrite Palladius was published with significant additions and biographical notes by A. I. Ivanov and I. I. Desnitsky.11 This publication contains 75-day entries, and some of those already available in the earlier publication have been expanded. The general outline of the diary remains the same, but new details clarify the role of Palladium itself in these events.
The diary is a unique source created by the hands of one of the direct participants in the Tianjin negotiations of 1858.O. Palladiy, who acted as a consultant and assistant to Russian diplomats, was largely sympathetic to the Chinese in his opinions and assessments, but was not always aware of the position of the Russian government. In addition, the diary is a full-fledged literary work that can be interesting not only for specialists.
The second edition of Archimandrite Palladius ' diary sheds light on numerous details omitted in the first. However, we do not find any explanation of the reasons why the first edition of the diary was published in such a truncated form in the preface and comments to the second edition of the diary. Apparently, Palladius was afraid of the discontent of Count Putyatin, whose actions are clearly criticized in the pages of the diary. The history of the publication of Archimandrite Palladius ' Tientsin diary is helped by the notes of one of the participants in these events, Baron F. R. Osten-Sacken, 12 who served as Count Putyatin's second secretary at that time. These records are kept in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts in the Osten-Sacken Foundation [RGADA, f. 1385, op. 1, ed. ch. 415].
The records are handwritten and printed sheets wrapped in a book cover with the inscription "Tien-Ching negotiations and conclusion of treatises with China in 1858" in gold letters on the spine. In total, they include 175 pencil-numbered sheets and several dozen blank, non-numbered sheets. The entire content of the volume can be divided into three parts:
10 Alexey Ivanovich Ivanov (1878-8. 10. 1937). Born in St. Petersburg in a family of theater artists. Graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Languages of St. Petersburg State University. In 1909 he defended his master's thesis. On February 17, 1913, he defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Chinese Literature and was awarded the title of Extraordinary Professor of Chinese and Manchurian Literature. In 1913 and 1917 - Director of the Practical Oriental Academy. In 1920, he was invited to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to work as a translator-informant, consultant on the Far East. One of the pioneers of Tangut studies in Russia. He was shot in 1937 [Datsyshen, 2013, p. 548; Ivanov].
11 Ivan Ivanovich Desnitsky (1882-1922). Born in Kiev, studied in St. Petersburg. Since 1908, he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; since 1912, he was the 2nd secretary of the diplomatic mission in Beijing. After the October Revolution of 1917, he remained in exile in China. Lived in Shanghai [Preliminary list...].
12 Fyodor Romanovich Osten-Saken (1832-1916) - diplomat, scientist and statesman; after graduating from the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University in 1852, he joined the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; in 1857-1858, as the second secretary of the embassy, he accompanied E. V. Putyatin, who was sent to China to negotiate with the Qing government. In 1865, he was elected Secretary of the Russian Geographical Society. In 1870-1897, he served as Director of the Department of Internal Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; since December 1889, he was an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Автор "Souvenirs de l'Ambassade du Comte Poutiatine en Chine", Journal de St. Petersbourg, 1876. For more information, see: [Khokhlov, 1979, part 2, p. 166].
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1. A handwritten introduction by Baron F. R. Osten-Sacken, telling the story of the first publication of the Palladium Diaries in 1860. It contains 8 sheets of handwritten text and 2 sheets of handwritten appendices. The introduction is dated January 15, 1905, and is signed by the Baron himself. This manuscript has not been published anywhere.
2. Pages of the journal" Marine Collection "No. 9 and No. 10 for 1860 with the publication of Palladius' diaries. Printed pages are interspersed with white sheets with handwritten text restoring fragments omitted in this publication. On the pages there are many marks in red and blue pencils, as well as ink, indicating the places where you should insert certain handwritten fragments of text. Diary entries for those days that are completely absent from the first publication are given on separate sheets with handwritten text. A comparison of this manuscript and the second publication of the diaries in 1912 confirms their complete similarity.
3. The handwritten diary of Baron F. R. Osten-Sacken himself, entitled "From the diary kept during the expedition of Count Putyatin to China (weak imitation of the previous one) on the steamer "America" in the Pei-ho River " 13. The diary begins with an entry dated May 9, 1858 in the old style (May 21 in the new style) it ends on June 28, old style (July 10, new style). It contains 182 pages and has a diagram with a drawing of the coastal fortifications of Dagu. The entire diary was never published anywhere.
In all likelihood, the baron was preparing both diaries for publication, but for some reason he could not carry out his plan, although later, in 1912, Palladius's diary was published in the pages of the Izvestia magazine of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, without any mention of the work on the publication of F. R. Austen- Saken, but with notes by A. I. Ivanov and I. I. Desnitsky.
I note that the name of Archimandrite Palladius is rarely mentioned in the pages of Osten-Sacken's diary: pp. 81-82 (entry of May 28): "...Chi-ying 14 brought himself (an unheard-of thing in China) a letter from Fr. Palladius to Count 15, who immediately prepared a letter to the dignitary Yu 16 and, on the advice of Palladius, invited him [Yucheng] to Tientsin for personal negotiations with the Count." P. 118 (recording
13 Obviously, this refers to the Baihe River ().
14 Qi Ying () (21.03.1787-29.06.1858) was a native of the imperial Manchu family of Aisinyoro. He belonged to the Blue Banner Corps (Zheng lan-qi ). Represented the Manchurian government in negotiations after the end of the First Opium War. After that, he was in disgrace, but in 1858 he was returned to the diplomatic field. He took part in the Tianjin negotiations of 1858, as an independent diplomat from Huashang and Guilin, but, not finding a common language with Europeans and fearing military action, he fled to Beijing. On the way to Beijing, he was captured by the Chinese authorities. The diaries of Palladius describe the circumstances of the last days of Qi Ying's life: "...by order of [Chinese] He was chained up and escorted to the capital like a criminal. It was necessary to vent impotent anger on someone [for the defeat of the Europeans], Qi Ying was attacked, as if the fate of the negotiations in Tien-ching depended on his flight. On June 9, the supreme court was formed over him... The Supreme Court sentenced Qi Ying to death... Poor old man, in his declining years... I was forced to attach the loop myself... put it around your neck... and hang on. What a terrible torture and violence of the human will, forcing unnatural efforts in it... " [Palladiy, 1912, pp. 277-278].
15 Palladius's diary entry of May 23 states: "Qi Ying sent me a person secretly... that I write a letter to the count, and in it recommend him [Qi Ying], as a good friend of ours in Beijing... he wanted to deliver the letter to the Count himself. Qi Ying wanted to build up the count's confidence in himself and use it to influence other foreigners... I took the opportunity to write a letter to the Count, explaining to him... what, in my opinion, is appropriate for European and Russian affairs... it would be more useful to call Yu Cheng as the first dignitary in the state "[Palladiy, 1912, p. 257]. According to Palladius, Qi Ying was not the best candidate for negotiating with the Europeans: "...when I was on the steamer [America], the count said that the British, having captured Canton... we've captured the archive... [the Governor-General of Canton] and found in it copies of old dispatches of Qi Ying, which contained very unflattering reviews and reports about them; it is impossible to think that the British accepted this diplomat with confidence " [Palladiy, 1912, p. 257].
16 Yucheng () (7-12.06.1858). He came from the noble Manchu family of Tungiya Hala () (Tongjiashi ), belonged to the Manchu corps of the Yellow Banner with a border (Xiang Huang-qi ). In 1826, he was appointed Chief of the Control Order (Du Yu-shi ). On January 12, 1839, he was appointed head of the Ministry of War (Bin bu Shanshu ). In 1851, he was appointed Head of the Ministry of Finance (Hu-bu shangshu). In 1852, he received the title of Da Xue-shi of the Hall of Literary Talent (see his diary gave the minister the following description: "[Yucheng] is not in charge of external relations, is engaged in internal affairs, and is not even a member of the Supreme Council... [but] in form and meaning, he is the first statesman in China and enjoys the special confidence of the Sovereign " [Palladiy, 1912,
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dated June 2): "...News has been received that Archimandrite Palladius will arrive shortly. " p. 153 (entry from June 16):"...The Count fumed harshly and sent 17 o's to the Chinese Commissars. Palladium, and Khrapovitsky once again to Byan 18. The two of them soon returned and confirmed what had happened, and brought back a Chinese copy... Fr. Palladius found Guilin in a completely calm spirit...". pp. 165-166 (entry of June 18): "... Count izrel 20 ... Has a new plan and he sent fr. Palladius to the Chinese Commissars in order to persuade them to report to Peking about the change of Government that has taken place in London 21, which should be used and to exclude from the ratification of the English treatise both articles: on the permanent Envoy and on river navigation. But his efforts were in vain. The words of Fr. Palladius, as well as the subsequent meeting of the Count himself with the Commissars, did not produce any effect 22". p. 172 (entry from June 24): "Fr. Palladius and Tatarinov left a little later; the first to Peking, the last to Russia, bypassing Peking at the insistence of the Chinese."
As far as the baron's own materials are concerned, since I cannot give the full contents of Osten-Sacken's diaries here, I will confine myself to the publication of the Introduction, which gives important details of the history of the publication of Archimandrite Palladius ' diary for 1858.
The diary of Archimandrite Palladius, as well as archival materials from the Osten-Sacken Foundation, shed additional light on the history of Russian-Chinese relations in the mid-19th century, and also provide researchers with a wealth of material about the daily work of Russian diplomats of that time.
Introduction by F. R. Osten-Sacken to the Diaries of Archimandrite Palladius and Baron F. R. Osten-Sacken 23
introduction
This book combines two stories or, more precisely, two diaries kept for the same period of time. The first of them belongs to a person who is almost an outsider spectator and observer of the events that took place; the second is composed by one of the actors, however very secondary. The first is an exemplary work, highly talented, highly curious, and fascinatingly written; the second is an insignificant, scholarly work, showing the author's lack of observation. The first diary is written by Archimandrite Palladius (Kafarov); the second is written by the undersigned Baron Fyodor Osten-Saken.
The history of O. Palladius ' diaries is very interesting.
When traveling, Palladius was in the habit of writing down what was important and experienced on a daily basis. Then, in certain cases, he would process what he had written down, and then ... (two words unintelligible) like a real diary or something. his travel notes on Mongolia in 1849,24 and road notes from Beijing to Blagoveshchensk on the Amur in 1870,25.
That his initial sketches required a very significant literary finish, I could see from the rough notebooks that fell into my hands after Palladius's death, which included a continuation of the journey down the Amur River to the Ussuri region in 1870. Unfortunately, it was impossible to print these curious and original sketches out of respect for the memory of the deceased. They are, I hope, preserved in the Archives of the Geographical Society 26.
pp. 227-228]. From this we can conclude that, although the issue of relations with foreigners was not part of the direct scope of Yucheng's duties, in fact, he was engaged in it. See also: [Yucheng].
17 Guilin and Huashang.
18 Official, participant of negotiations from the Chinese side.
19 This includes the introduction of articles on the navigation of English ships on Chinese rivers in the draft Anglo-Chinese treatise and the establishment of a permanent mission in Beijing.
20 Is Ripe.
21 Through the American envoy, representatives of the Russian delegation learned that the British government had informed Lord Elgin of the undesirability of going to Peking and ordered him to limit himself to "reasonable demands" (Palladiy, 1912, p. 270).
22 We are talking about the fact that Putyatin received information that the British government did not intend to give an order to march on Peking. See: [Palladiy, 1912, p. 270].
23 The author's spelling and spelling of proper names are preserved.
24 (Palladium, 1892).
25 (Archimandrite Palladius, 1871).
26 We are talking about the travel notes of Archimandrite Palladius, which he prepared based on the results of his trip to the Far East in 1870-1871, made by him on the instructions of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. See: [Larichev, 1966, pp. 114-122].
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But Palladius had evidently taken special pains with the Peking Diary of 1858, and had given full play to his satirical streak; and there was food enough for that.
I will not describe the domestic routine of our Embassy: everything that has been noticed by fr. 27 One can imagine how strange and ridiculous must have seemed to him the environment into which he suddenly found himself after eight years of quiet, contemplative life in Peking. Besides, poor Count Putyatin, both in his appearance and manner, always made a repulsive impression on all those who had to deal with him and were not prepared.
And so Palladius began to notice, wonder, resent, and write it down. In all probability, these notes would never have seen the light of day if it hadn't been for - Pyotr Nikolaevich Perovsky 28.
Pyotr Nikolaevich Perovsky was appointed Bailiff of the fourteenth (and last) The Peking Ecclesiastical Mission, which left St. Petersburg in the spring of 1857. It was supposed that in Peking she would find Count Putyatin, who had left Petersburg with his retinue in February of the same year. But, as you know, the Chinese refused to receive the uninvited 29 embassy of Putyatin, and he went down the Amur River to Nikolaevsk, and from there went by boat to the Pecheli Bay, etc. - In his report to the Ministry from Troitsko-Savsk, 30 Putyatin, explaining the unfriendly act of the Chinese, suggested among other things to suspend the dispatch of a new Spiritual Mission, so that finally show the Chinese the displeasure of the Russian Government. This extremely impractical proposal was accepted, which caused the Ministry a lot of unnecessary expenses and did not bring any benefit. The Chinese government reacted to this with its usual indifference. The new Ecclesiastical Mission 31, in its entirety, spent the winter of 1857-58 in Irkutsk. Perovsky, during this time, managed to get close to the Governor-General Muravyov32 and it will please him; and when the latter went to the Amur River in the spring of 1858, he took Perovsky with him. Thus, he managed to be a participant in the conclusion of the Aygun Tractate 33 and put his name on the list of signatures on this tractate. As far as I can remember, Muravyov presented him with some kind of reward for this, and thus acquired for himself in the person of Perovsky a most devoted person.
In the autumn of 1858, the [fourteenth] Ecclesiastical Mission left Kyakhta for its destination. She arrived in Beijing on September 28, 1858 (report from Archimandrite Guria 34... (three
27 Kafarov described the life of the embassy of Putyatin as follows: "... the count invited the Chinese plenipotentiaries to his house for dinner, but they resolutely refused; and they did well, they would have had to treat him to a Chinese table, the count had no supplies; there was not even a cook, no servants, there was only one on the whole [Russian] steamer. a servant... The count was content with a barefoot sailor; the Russian company needed everything and came here as if to a bad dacha, not thinking to stock up, at least just in case, the most essential " [Palladiy, 1912, p. 271].
28 Pyotr Nikolaevich Perovsky (1818-25. 08. 1865). He was born in the family of the Tauride Vice-governor Nikolai Ivanovich Perovsky. In 1835, he graduated from the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Since 1841, he worked in the Asian Department as a junior assistant to the head of the desk. In 1846, he was appointed senior clerk. Since 1852-Head of the First Department of the Asian Department. In 1863, he was appointed Consul General in Genoa, where he died. For more information, see: [A. O. T.]
29 Obviously, the author implies that the arrival of the Putyatin embassy was unexpected for the Chinese - "the most uninvited thing".
30 Troitskosavsk, later Kyakhta became part of the city.
31 Refers to the fourteenth RDM (1858-1864).
32 Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Amursky (1809-1881) - Russian statesman, general and diplomat. In 1847, he was appointed Governor-General of Eastern Siberia. He advocated expanding Russia's ties with China, Japan, and America. In the 1850s, he organized several rafting expeditions along the Amur River. He initiated the foundation of the first Russian settlements and fortifications at the mouth of the Amur River. In May 1858, he signed the Aigun Treaty with China, which defined the Russian-Chinese border along the Amur River. He retired in 1861. On July 31, 2006, the image of the Khabarovsk monument to Muravyov-Amursky decorated the 5,000-ruble banknote. See: [Matkhanova, 1998, pp. 101-244].
33 The Russo-Chinese treaty signed on May 16, 1858 delineated the Russo-Chinese border: the left bank of the Amur River from the confluence of the Shilki and Argun Rivers to the mouth was recognized as a possession of Russia. The question of the Ussuri Red Sea from the confluence of the Ussuri River with the Amur to the sea remained open. Navigation on the Amur, Sungari, and Ussuri rivers was forbidden to all states except the Russian Empire and Qing China. See: [Aigun Treaty, 1971, p. 30-31; Collection of Treaties between Russia and China, 1889, p.110-121].
34 Gury (in the world-Grigory Platonovich Karpov) (1814-17. 03. 1882) - was born in the family of a priest in Saratov. In 1836, he graduated from the Saratov Theological Seminary, after which he worked as a Latin language teacher at the Saratov Theological School. In 1837, he entered the St. Petersburg Theological Academy. On June 12, 1838, he became a monk under the name of Guria. August 4-ordained deacon, November 20, 1839-priest. In 1839, he was enrolled as a member of the twelfth RDM, in the same year, having passed the exams ahead of schedule,
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words unintelligible) October 15, N 28). Meanwhile, the conclusion of the Tien-jin Treatise followed in June of the same year. Ratification followed in St. Petersburg in August. The instructions of September 1, 1858, entrusted Perovsky with the exchange of ratifications with China. In the same instructions, the Bailiff was instructed: to pronounce permission for our caravans to go to Peking, or at least to Kalgan, or at least to Urga, permission to set up trading posts for caravans, and finally to set up a trading post in Kashgar.
The ratification and instructions were brought from Irkutsk by the esaul Khitrovo and the collegiate assessor... (last name illegible), about which Governor-General Muravyov notified the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on October 16.
Perovsky notified that he had received the instrument of ratification on November 29.
Meanwhile, the Chinese had already recovered from the horrors of the Anglo-French summer attack on the forts at the mouth of the Peiho 35, and resorted to various tricks that made it difficult to exchange ratifications. Unfortunately, there were differences in the various texts of the treatise: Russian, Chinese and Manchurian, which finally slowed down the matter. This was reported by Perovsky in February 1859. - It was possible to exchange them only on April 12, as Perovsky reported on April 15. At the same time, he explained that in order to achieve this goal, he was forced to sign and hand over to Chinese dignitaries a paper stipulating the condition for the admission of the Russian envoy through the Tien-Jin port. Based on the 2nd article of the Tien-jin Treatise: "Russian Envoys can travel to Beijing either from Kyakhta via Urga, or from Dagu, at the mouth of the Peiho River, or otherwise from other open cities or ports in China." The commitment that Perovsky was to sign was that if the Envoy intended to go to Beijing by sea, the Chinese Government should be notified of this in advance, through the Usu. If there are no obstacles to landing at the mouth of the Haihe, the Russian Government is notified. Russian ships arrive at the mouth of the river and stop at bar 36 (Lan-chien-shi)37 and announce their arrival. The Chinese government then sends downriver to meet and guard the Embassy, which travels to Beijing via the Northern Beitang Dam 38 (i.e., the area where our northern compound is located).
The Chinese remembered the invasion of foreigners on their ships along the Hai-he River to Tien-jin, in 1858, and took precautions.
Satisfied with his partial diplomatic success and hoping for the favor of the Director of the Asian Department, E. P. Kovalevsky, 39 Perovsky already in May 1859 entered with the idea of releasing him from other assignments assigned to him and sending him a receiver to Beijing.
This official report was accompanied by a private letter to Kovalevsky, the contents of which discouraged all of Perovsky's censorious and essentially trashy nature. The pleading tone of the letter and the feminine complaints it contained were unworthy of a self respecting person
approved as a Candidate of theology. In Beijing, he was engaged in missionary work, translating liturgical books and prayers into Chinese. One of the candidates for the position of head of the thirteenth RDM (1850-1858). After returning from China in 1855, he was elevated to the degree of Master of theology, and on August 25, 1856, he was appointed head of the fourteenth RDM. On December 10, 1860, he received the Order of St. John the Baptist. Annas of the 2nd degree. While leading the mission, he was engaged in missionary work, translations (including the New Testament) and diplomatic activities. Upon his return to Russia, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class, and a lifetime pension of 1,500 rubles. He was actively engaged in missionary work among schismatics and sectarians. By the decision of the Holy Synod of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of May 18, 2008, he was glorified as a locally venerated saint with the memorial Day of March 17. See: [Marushchak, 2006, pp. 475-477; Avraamiy, 2006, pp. 84, 87-88, 89, 96-110]
35 This probably refers to the Dagu forts on the Baihe River.
36 Underwater landform
37 Probably lanjiangsha ) - a sandbank, sand drift, an island in the mouth of a river.
38 Apparently, this refers to the area located east of Tianjin, at the mouth of the Baihe River, now the area of the city subordination of Binhai Xin - qiu (). Osten-Sacken's comment on the location of the northern RDM compound is probably incorrect, since the text suggests that Beitang is located near Tianjin, while the northern RDM compound (Beiguan )is located in the northern RDM compound. It was located in Beijing. In addition, the author translates the second part of the name (tan ) as "dam", and not as "farmstead".
39 Yegor Petrovich Kovalevsky (1811-1868) - diplomat, orientalist. In 1849, he accompanied the thirteenth RDM to Beijing. In 1851, he signed the Treaty of Kuldzha. In 1856, he was appointed Director of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Participated in the development of the Aigun Treaty [Diplomatic Dictionary, vol. II, 1971, p. 74]
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human. This letter struck Prince Gorchakov, 40 and he wrote on it: "Perovsky can be a good official' mais certes ce n'est pas un homme d'action '" .41 (marginal note. - I searched in vain for this letter... (two words unintelligible) in 1905. by Perovsky himself??).
This review was fatal for his career. Permission to leave Peking was granted to Perovsky easily, since the new Envoy to China had already left St. Petersburg on March 6, 1859.
He arrived in St. Petersburg in the middle of December and was received rather dryly. Attempts to get any prominent independent position failed; and in 1863, he decided to take the position of Gen. Consul to Genoa, where he died in 1865.
But I return to the history of the "Diary". During Perovsky's stay in Beijing, the head of the 13th Ecclesiastical Mission, Archimandrite Palladius, showed him his diary, which of course delighted Perovsky because of its literary and artistic presentation, and most importantly because it completely ignored the significance of the Putyatin Embassy and thus gave Muravyov satisfaction. Perovsky persuaded the Architect. Palladium give him this diary to send to St. Petersburg. To anyone who knew the cautious, even suspicious, character of Fr. Palladium such an act seems inexplicable. The diary was sent to St. Petersburg on November 29, 1858; I do not remember now why it was received at the Asiatic Department only on March 11, 1859. In a short letter of transmittal, Perovsky warned E. P. Kovalevsky that he was sending this diary "the original only at your discretion." The diary, however, did not produce the intended effect. Kovalevsky at that time had already cooled to Perovsky, was dissatisfied with his rapprochement with Muravyov, and was annoyed at his incompetence in negotiations with the Chinese. I was in his office when the Peking mail arrived: he looked at the thick notebook, read the letter of transmittal, and passing them to me, said: "Well, this is some Beijing gossip, I won't read that."
As far as I know, except for two or three comrades whom I gave to read this literary gem, no one read it either in the Ministry or outside it.
Only one author suffered, who suffered for a long time in the consciousness of his rashness. He couldn't help but think that Diary 42 had received almost no publicity. When he returned to Petersburg, he came to me, talked about his carelessness, repented, and finally came up with the following idea:: Since Count Putyatin is undoubtedly aware of the existence of the diary, it would be well to put an end to any further gossip by printing it, for example. in the Marine Collection, having previously subjected it to the strictest cleaning and censorship. He asked me to take the job. Of course, I agreed and pointed out to him what, in my opinion, should be excluded. But Fr. Palladius, in his fear, was not satisfied with this, and blotted out much more. Still, despite the relentless censorship, what remained was a very entertaining article.
In this form, the diary appeared in the August and September book of the Marine Collection for 1860. In the following copy of the article, all deleted places have been restored.
Osten-Saken.
January 15, 1905
I am rereading the diary with relish, and I have decided to add a few notes to it.
40 Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (1798-1883) - Russian statesman, diplomat, 1855, in 1856-1882.Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Chancellor (1867), achieved the annulment of the Paris Peace Treaty in 1870, His Serene Highness Prince (1871) [Diplomatic Dictionary, vol. 1, 1971, pp. 417-418].
41 " but he is certainly not a man of action."
42 Then follows the box: "On March 9, 1859, Archimandrite Palladius wrote from Beijing to the Director of the Asian Department, H. P. Kovalevsky:" ... I have heard (?) that my homegrown diary has been presented to Your Excellency, perhaps I should not have expressed with such boldness my personal and exclusive views, which may have been set off by circumstances but I yielded to the urgent desire of Pyotr Nikolaevich and gathered together my old memories, sinned in my old age and service. I take comfort at least in the fact that my writings will not attract your strict attention and will remain under the veil of obscurity and insignificance." Then, apparently, are the words of F. R. Osten-Sacken himself: "So they have remained until now; but I dare to hope that these observations and thoughts of a good Russian person will one day come to light." Signed September 27, 1905.
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1. Go to page 483 43. About Yemin shen 44. Canton was taken by the Anglo-French on December 29, New style 1857. Yemin Shen was found in the city and captured on January 5, new style 1858; together with him, the Governor of the province of "Pih-Kwei"was detained 45. It was decided to send Emin Shen to Calcutta, and his assistant was sent out as the head of the Canton, of course with English and French assistants. With the task of managing a city with its million-strong population, Europeans would not be able to cope. Lord Elgin informed Lord... (English name illegitimate) of Ningbo on March 19, 1858, about the decree concluding the deposition of Ye[ming Shen] and the appointment of Huang-tsung-han as Governor-general. He explains that he did not have time to get a copy of this Decree, and adds the most characteristic detail for the Chinese, that in the same decree Bogdykhan approves Pih-Kwei as a temporary general governor; ignoring, of course, the orders made for this person by the British!! (Correspondence Relative to the Earl of Elgin's Special Missions to China & Japan, 1857-1859, London, 1859, page 231).
2. To p. 484. I also do not understand the Count's insistence on the freedom of Christianity. The 8th article of the Tientsin Treatise on Christianity was also disliked in St. Petersburg. Some justification would be the instruction given to gr. Putyatin May 4, 1857 In this instruction written as a result of the petition of England for... (one word omitted) where gr. Putyatin promoted the goals pursued by the British in China. Among other things, our Representative was instructed to try to ensure freedom of religion for Christians in China.
The French treatise (v. 13) mentions "religion chretienne"47 in general, whereas the English treatise (v. 8) speaks only of Protestants and Catholics. Hence] Putyatin could, of course, have confined himself to mentioning Orthodoxy; and here all the inconveniences of joint actions with the Zap were expressed. Powers. However, it should be noted that gr. Putyatin, for all his piety and passionate observance of the rites of the Orthodox Church, had a remarkable tendency to Catholicism, believed in purgatory 48 and (the word is illegible); and in drafting v. 8, of course, he also had Catholics in mind.
ARCHIVE MATERIALS
RGADA - Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. F. 1385. Op. 1. Ed. hr. 415.
43 Pages of the first edition of the diary in the magazine "Marine Collection".
44th Minchen () (1807{ 1809) 9.04.1859) - Born in Hubei Province (China), he worked at the Hanlin Academy. Since 1848-Governor of Kwantung (Guangdong) and Guangxi (Guangxi) provinces. He was of the opinion that it was impossible to make concessions to foreigners, but during the Second Opium War, he failed to provide military resistance to the British when the TS bombed Hong Kong in December 1857. At that time, Ye Mingchen was with troops in Guangxi Province to put down a popular uprising. He was subsequently captured by British troops and taken as a prisoner to Calcutta, where he died of illness. In Hong Kong, he had the nickname "Six ne": "Does not fight (bu che / san ), does not put up (bu he ), does not defend (bu shou ), does not die (bu si ), does not give up (bu jiang) , does not retreat (bu zou )". Mingchen].
45 Po Gui () (? -1859) - Mongol from the Ezheteshi family (), was a member of the Yellow Banner Corps. In 1819, he passed the provincial examinations. He held the positions of county chief (zhi-xiang ) and regional governor (zhi-zhou) in Guangxi and Guangdong provinces, and served as Governor-General (Xun-fu ) of Henan Province (). During the Second Opium War, he offered to compromise with the British and French, filed a report with a complaint against Governor Ye Mingchen, after whose removal he served as acting governor of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces for some time. During his governorship, he collaborated with British representatives, thereby creating an excuse for Chinese historians to call the territories of the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi the first puppet state in China during this period. He died in Guangzhou. See: [by Gui].
46 Huang Zonghan () (1803-1864) - in 1834 successfully passed the examinations for the higher academic degree of jinyi (), after which he held various official posts: manager of the affairs of the Ministry of War (bing-bu zhu-shi ), manager of the office of the Ministry of War (jun-ji zhang-jing), censor (ji-ji zhu-shi).shi-joon ). In 1857, he was appointed governor of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces (Liang Guang tsung-du ). See: [Huang Zonghan].
47 " The Christian Religion "(fr.).
48 According to the Catholic faith, purgatory is an intermediate state between hell and heaven, in which the souls of the dead, unencumbered by grave sins, remain until redemption. The Orthodox faith denies the existence of purgatory.
page 171
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